They should be lowercase when used independently or after a person's name. a. Compound modifiers that contain a past participle also follow the same rules as any other compound modifier. Use a hyphen with the prefix ex- (meaning former). I see forms like this all the time in the articles I edit often in articles so clean and error-free that theres no doubt the writer ran spell check. Widemouthed is one word, though wide-bodied is hyphenated. According to AP Style, hyphens are linkers that connect multiple words when they appear before a noun. Send us feedback. Penn State Abington; Abington campus . Generally, you need the hyphen only if the two or more words are functioning together as an adjective. When beginning a sentence, capitalize the "e.". Hyphenated compound words use a hyphen to connect the words. for instance. Is something's right to be free more important than the best interest for its own species according to deontology? Do not hyphenate other wide words: statewide, nationwide, countywide. half or quarter) as part of a compound adjective, it should be hyphenated so the reader understands which fraction is modifying which noun. Note, though, that whether or not you choose to style a compound as one word or two might convey something about your familiarity with the word (or lack thereof). Its recommended you dont take down any load-bearing walls when renovating. Actually, this seeming conundrum is pretty easy to deal with. A lot of suffix entries, including -wide, make these easy instructions even clearer by including the term combining forms" right in the dictionary entry, meaning you can combine them to other words at will. Using our newfound knowledge, we can apply the on-campus hyphen rule to the rules we see in the AP stylebook. Do not capitalize; however, the World Wide Web is a proper noun (a unique "place") Avoid antiquated usages like on the web; instead use online . Dashes come in three lengths: 100m, 200m, and 400m. We can use them to join two or more words that serve as a single adjective before a noun. The second style capitalizes all words except for shorter ones like prepositions and articles. Site design / logo 2023 Stack Exchange Inc; user contributions licensed under CC BY-SA. Some examples of compound adjectives using high and low include high-level/low-level and high-impact/low-impact. The 621-gram diamond is the largest in the world. To avoid the use of the passive voice, state as clearly as possible who is responsible for the action in the sentence. According to AP Style, hyphens are linkers that connect multiple words when they appear before a noun. Company-wide and companywide are interchangeable adjectives. Should it be two words? Rule 1: hyphens are used to make the meaning more clear. Do not capitalize the word "state. As the sport took hold in the American consciousness, it gradually began to be spelled with a hyphen (base-ball), but now any form other than the solid compound baseball looks like an affectation. How every letter can be (annoyingly) silent, Helping you navigate the linguistic road ahead. Webster's New World College Dictionary (which AP style follows) DOES list "-wide" as a suffix. There should be no space between "data" and "base.". When the second part of a hyphenated expression is omitted, the hyphen is retained followed by a word space. Self-employed; self-serving; self-sufficient. 382 Compounds and Hyphenation 7.85 4. words formed with prefixes Compounds formed with prefixes are . The definitive answer is: it's complicated. An exception to the general rule of omitting the hyphen in "-wide" constructions. I can accept all your suggestions except for the last one. [Hyphens are never used between the numeral and abbreviation, even when in adjectival form. First, check your dictionary to make sure that a one-word form of your desired word doesnt already exist. Do you expect me to believe this clearly-impossible story? Applications of super-mathematics to non-super mathematics. Learn a new word every day. This month's workout, "Hyphens, Part 3b," is the fourth (and last) segment on hyphenating compounds, taken from our famous hyphenation table at CMOS 17, paragraph 7.89, and in particular the second half of section 3, "Compounds Formed with Specific Terms." Advanced editors might tackle the questions cold; learners can study the second half of paragraph 7.89, section 3 . Subscribe to America's largest dictionary and get thousands more definitions and advanced searchad free! Dont use a hyphen when you are combining an adverb and a participle. Check a dictionary if you're not sure whether to use a hyphen or not. McCarter Theatre will premiere a set of commissioned performances on March 24 and 25 as part of campus-wide programming celebrating author Toni Morrison's life and legacy. Here are a few examples that might make things clearer for you: Keep reading to learn more about the hyphen rules for company-wide. Weve explained the hyphenated variation and split it into one or two words to see which is most appropriate. In this case facility-wide is correct, both when preceding and following the noun it modifies. The committee reached its decision yesterday. For example: (Here, the hyphen joins "two" and "seater" to show it is one adjective.) So, you want to know more about the hyphen rule surrounding company-wide. Well, youre in the right place. Hyphens Between Words. Hyphenated compound words are the ones (obviously) with a hyphen between the words. Click More in the right corner then click on DegreeWorks. The number of distinct words in a sentence. Use the full name on first mention and the partial name on subsequent mention. When referencing a span of years beginning and ending in the same century, use four digits for the beginning year followed by a hyphen, followed by the last two digits of the ending year. We follow . Linfield University Portland Campus or Linfield University McMinnville Campus. Many are listed in most dictionaries; those that are not, such as half- But, the reverse is also true: If the compound adjective is clear as it stands, you do not need a hyphen. A high-interest savings account is one of the best ways to save money. You can leave a response, or trackback from your own site. This practice was necessitated by the limitations of page space: it simply wasnt practical to show all of the possible permutations of a compound word at the expense of other information in a print dictionary entry. The hyphen is a punctuation mark used to join words and to separate syllables of a single word. Seminole State is divided into four schools: Adult Education is now the School of Academic Foundations. Compound modifiers that include present or past. Jerome and Frieda had a face-to-face meeting. By clicking Accept all cookies, you agree Stack Exchange can store cookies on your device and disclose information in accordance with our Cookie Policy. Dashes, semicolons, question marks and exclamation points go inside the quotation marks when they apply to the quoted matter. Comments or additions? Learn more about Stack Overflow the company, and our products. Connect and share knowledge within a single location that is structured and easy to search. However, if you don't like the way that looks, you're also at liberty to treat "wide" as a regular word and attach it with a hyphen: "community-wide." When using a fraction (e.g. on Monday, March 19th, 2012 at 4:24 pm and is filed under Blog. The two-word form is never correct. Don't be surprised if none of them want the spotl One goose, two geese. The word county and the word wide can be joined with a hyphen and thereby work as an adjective to describe event. So county-wide event is consistent with hyphenation rules. This rock-hard cake is absolutely impossible to eat. Check a dictionary if youre not sure whether to use a hyphen or not. Here are a few examples of common hyphenated compound words: ", The professor asked, "How many of you did the assigned reading for today? very tight jeans; once reliable friend; carefully chosen words. Deb Richard, director of college and community relations, works in Marketing and Communications. on Monday, September 26th, 2011 at 8:00 am and is filed under Blog. Some terms are common enough to have their own dictionary entries, and when they do, those usually take precedence. Hello, I've been googling this for a bit, but am having trouble finding a satisfactory answer. On first reference, use the full name. Use "more than" when referring to numerals. Exception: "application for admission.". When we discuss the on campus hyphen rule, we make sure to hyphenate on-campus when used as an adjective. Correct. Lowercase in all other uses. The dictionary contains a list of words with the prefix "non" and appropriate spellings. In AP style (preferred by news media and PR agencies), connect the two nouns with a hyphen: sneaker-maker. One word? The Chicago Manual of Style Online is the venerable, time-tested guide to style, usage, and grammar in an accessible online format. AP Style allows you to drop hyphens from common compound adjectives when the distinction between the words is clear. Rule 1a. Hyphenate upper-division and upper-level when they precede a noun. Professors must submit their "W4s" no later than Friday at 4:30 p.m. Write "website" as one word, lowercase. For most other instances, the best strategy may be to trust what you think looks right. Make "login," "logon" and "logoff" one word when used as nouns. This way, the reader knows that both words function like a unit to modify another noun. If that evidence changed, then the headword was revised. There are some beautiful-looking flowers in the garden. If you arent sure whether a word is a closed compound or a hyphenated one, check your preferred dictionary. Using hyphens between numbers and units before long and wide, Integral with cosine in the denominator and undefined boundaries, Torsion-free virtually free-by-cyclic groups. Similarly, lifestyle, boilerplate, doorbell, screwdriver, tailwind, rowboat, and postcard all had eras when they were encountered more commonly as open or hyphenated compounds. Dictionary Thesaurus Sentences . Any term with "wide" at the end is written as one word, no hyphenation or separation. If so, you can use your judgment and knowledge of combining forms to make the best decision. 'Hiemal,' 'brumation,' & other rare wintry words. The distinction between the two is clear (now). But make them two words when used as verbs. This means it is used to modify a noun or object in a sentence. I think it's important not to think of grammar as a set of absolutely r. Where can I find the (A. on campus / B. on-campus) doctors office? You don't have to take my word for it. Click More in the right corner then click on DegreeWorks. I contacted Merriam-Webster and asked them why 'schoolwide' was not in their dictionary. The following style guide is based largely on AP Style rules and contains the approved spelling, grammar, punctuation and general writing guidelines for all written content for and about Seminole State College. Some examples of compound adjectives using, Passive Voice: When to Avoid It and When to Use It. (There are lots of exceptions, of course, but the style guides list those individually. Office names should be written as they are referred to in the College Catalog. The committee found no discrepancies in the records. A hyphen should be inserted between load and bearing to make it clear that were talking about walls that are bearing a load. If no one uses "buildingwide" (as i think pretty much no one does) but people do use "building-wide" then the latter is correct and the former is not, or at least is non-standard. The president of the company gave a 10-minute speech to the Board of Directors. Well finish up with a quiz to see what youve learned. Apparently, you sometimes use a hyphen when adding 'wide', such as with industry-wide, but sometimes you don't, like with worldwide (which I've also seen written as 'world wide'). Lets start with compound modifiers. Since company and wide are distinctly different, you can remove the hyphen and still show the reader what you mean. Words with prefix "pre" or "post" generally are not hyphenated unless they come directly before proper nouns. Buildings with letter names should be referred to by using "building" and the corresponding letter/name. Is there a way to only permit open-source mods for my video game to stop plagiarism or at least enforce proper attribution? Spell out on first reference in each section. Ive got a hundred twenty-two of these gizmos to sell. Hyphen with a noun, adjective or adverb and a present participle, and a present participle (a word ending in . ) Your CWID can always be found in your myBama. Its not always that simple, though. Do not insert spaces on either side of a forward slash. As a hyphenated word gets used more often, the hyphen tends to drop out. So much fluidity, in fact, that the dictionary cannot always provide a cut-and-dried answer, as much as it tries. The dictionary calls this a combining form, meaning you combine it with another word. Everything else is lower-case. Tags: ADJECTIVES, COPY EDITING, DICTIONARIES, hyphens, PUNCTUATION. For example, email was generally written e-mail back in the early 90s. When citing sources, enclose them in parentheses at the end of the sentence. These adjectival forms are usually hyphenated as well; however, there are some exceptions depending on the meaning of the . What purpose does a hyphen serve in a sentence? The dean, student and instructor arrived. to maintain an objective tone. "Are" is associated with plural nouns. The dictionary contains a list of words with the prefix "pre" or "post" with appropriate spellings. Capitalize course prefixes. Independent and Dependent Clauses: Rules and Examples. Event is the modified noun. This way, the reader knows that both words function like a unit to modify another noun. Hyphen rules are everywhere in English, and its important to understand them when they appear. The use of hyphens is called hyphenation. Exception to AP style. When referring to a specific division, the word "Division" should be capitalized. state-of-the-art design. Company wide is never correct as two words. Detailed advice on this and related topics can be found in the section on 'Compound words and hyphens' (points 3.18-3.32) of the English Style Guide published by the European Commission (DG Translation). Spell out first through ninth; use figures for 10th and above. The degree candidate must satisfy these General Education requirements. Company-wide is hyphenated as a compound adjective. While McCarter has a long history of commissioning plays, this is the first time the theater is commissioning multi-hyphenate performance artists, which are the . One goose, two geese. Campuses or Campuss or Campus? There should be no comma before "and" in a series, unless the sentence or series is complex, or if adding a comma would help clarify an ambiguous statement. This month's workout, "Hyphens, Part 1," centers on CMOS 16, paragraph 7.85, section 1, of our famous hyphenation table, "Compounds according to Category."We're calling this workout "part 1" because hyphens are a vast topic, destined to confound us in many ways and certainly worth a series of workouts. A good dictionary is the best place to check whether a compound is open or not. If transparency was the goal, the word "athlete" would come first with "student" behind a long line of hyphens. BUT The dress was bluish green. For example, if you look up wide in Websters New World College Dictionary, you see the first entry is for the plain old adjective (The street is wide). Many veterinarians find meat-fed cats to be quite healthy. ", School of Career and Professional Programs, School of Engineering, Design and Construction. Over time, many hyphenated compounds become closed compounds. Use simple, direct language whenever possible. There was a time, after all, when baseball was spelled as base ball. Education. One moose, two moose. 3. For words beginning with co-(e.g., co-chair, co-editor, co-sponsor), consult Webster's Collegiate Dictionary. akebono cherry tree leaves; rehabilitation for dog after hip surgery; fixed mobile guard kuwait pay; 640 am radio schedule . This may sound like a judgment call, but the following guidelines can help you make the call in many cases. Putting all your new knowledge to the test is the best way to get it to stick. Note that all three of the examples given in your dictionary example also have their own entries in the same dictionary. Capitalize "Open Enrollment" in all instances since it is the formal name of the period of time when students can enroll in classes for the next term. Hyphenate lower-division and lower-level when they precede a noun. When numbers are used as the first part of a compound adjective, use a hyphen to connect them to the noun that follows them. Formal references should be to the "state of Florida." A compound modifier is made up of two or more words that work together to function like one adjective. There should be a space been the course prefix and the course number. Separate each source with a semicolon, and put the period outside the closing parenthesis. Its a suffix. Deb Richard, Director, College and Community Relations, works in Marketing and Communications. campus-wide. If you wanted to know whether "wide" itself is a suffix and should therefore be attached without a hyphen, it looks like the two major styles vary. If not, hyphenate away. ", Capitalize the proper names of academic terms: Fall Term, Spring Term, Summer Term but: Lowercase fall semester, Accept is a verb meaning "receive." In most references, use the acronym "GPA" (no periods). But after that, theres an entry for -wide, the suffix. , for example, is increasingly common. . It is incorrect because it does not allow you to modify a noun. He has six years of experience in professional communication with clients, executives, and colleagues. It's best not to use an ampersand (&) in place of the word "and" in text unless it is an official part of a name. Fifty-six bottles of pop on the wall, fifty-six bottles of pop, No, I wont party like its nineteen ninety-nine.. Open means that there is a space between the two words and no hyphen. You may also like: In Campus or On Campus or At Campus Which Is Correct? When we discuss the on campus hyphen rule, we make sure to hyphenate "on-campus" when used as an adjective. These follow a simple rule with a simple exception. Uppercase the first letter of each word of the title if it is used before or after a person's name in a sentence. Over time, many hyphenated compounds become closed compoundsteen-ager became teenager for instance. One dictionary that shall not be named was a bit notorious for showing the headword Web site long after most of the civilized world was using website. Avoid using first person (I, we, us) and second person (you). Should I include the MIT licence of a library which I use from a CDN? A 5-year-old boy. [Relevant example:] both over- and underfed cats Luckily, because there are three styles to choose from, that means the rules are only applied based on your personal preference. Read more about Martin here. In other words, as long as its listed in the dictionary as a suffix, you can slap it right on the end of any other word in the dictionary, spellchecker be damned. Open compounds are typically made up of two nouns that are used together to represent a single idea. Use active voice rather than passive voice whenever possible. ).Examples: nonresident, prearrange, campuswideHyphenate to avoid triple consonants and . Avoid using slang. The forms of compounds (two words used together) in English are not fixed. (Helpful Examples), 9 Other Ways to Say Im Good At on a Resume, 10 Polite Ways to Say No Visitors after Surgery, 11 Best Ways to Say Im Here for You to a Loved One, 10 Professional Ways to Say I Am Not Feeling Well. The newly built house has state-of-the-art features. Martin has been featured as an expert in communication and teaching on Forbes and Shopify. Uppercase the first letter of each word of the title if it is used before a person's name in a sentence. Members of Seminole State's faculty and staff should refer to this guide when writing Web content and for College-related publications. The . Affect is a verb, meaning to produce an effect. Use "coursework" as one word. chirped pulse amplification (CPA) CPA creates ultrashort, high-intensity laser pulses. Members of Congress usually campaign extensively before they are elected. Learn more about us here. So in that style, you couldn't just attach "wide" to the end of another word. Perhaps theres a new type of daisy called the looking flower? This car runs best on high-octane gasoline. [emailprotected]. Hyphenate compounds denoting color. Capitalize "professor" if it precedes a name; lowercase it in all other instances. Lowercase campus, even in campus names: Shenango campus, University Park campus. Put a comma in all whole numbers larger than 999. addition, deletion or change, contact Natalie Blando-George in University Communications (Here, hyphens join the words in "never-to-be-forgotten" to show it is one adjective.) The dictionary user can form these words by combining affixes with words already entered.". Though he no longer held an official position, the ex-mayor still attended all the towns functions. Some think a hyphen is visually messy. Therefore, it should take a singular verb in most cases. I do like the idea of the hyphen for the hahaha-ed; I just wasn't sure if it would look odd with it being the only onomatopoeia word with a hyphen. Capitalize the word "program" when using an official program name. A period is not used when abbreviating metric units.] Furthermore, he has teaching experience from Aarhus University. 'it is one of the best industry specific products' is just as clear as 'it is one of the best industry-specific products'. Preferred term/spelling. Use the more familiar acronym, VA, in most instances, unless it would confuse the meaning of a sentence. Automotive Program Manager Mark Davis attended the conference. Use a hyphen in a compound modifier when the modifier comes. The technique involves stretching the laser pulse before trying to make it more intense. off-campus/off campus and on-campus/oncampus: Hyphenate off campus and on campus when used as adjectives preceding a noun. Except means "other than" or "but for.". The third and final style involves capitalizing every word in the title. When discussing the catalog, always refer to the issue for the current academic year. Use a colon to separate hours from minutes. Students must pass this course with a "C" or higher. It with another word e-mail back in the same dictionary does not allow you to hyphens! Before they are elected sources, enclose them in parentheses at the end of another word trust. Interest for its own species according to deontology satisfactory answer adjectives preceding noun! For most other instances, unless it would confuse the meaning of the passive voice, as! We make sure to hyphenate on-campus when used as verbs describe event four... The passive voice whenever possible adjective before a person 's name in a.... Compound adjectives using, passive voice whenever possible professors must submit their `` W4s '' later! Members of seminole state 's faculty and staff should refer to this guide when writing Web content and College-related... Course prefix and the word county and the course number no longer held an official name! And high-impact/low-impact I can accept all your new knowledge to the `` state Florida! Be found in your myBama rules for company-wide AP style ( preferred by news media and PR agencies ) consult... Before they are referred to by using `` building '' and appropriate spellings exception the... '' or higher dictionary can not always provide a cut-and-dried answer, much... Hyphen or not when they precede a noun in parentheses at the end of another.. Using our newfound knowledge, we, us ) and second person ( you ) be to the matter. Forms to make the call in many cases part of a library which use. But the following guidelines can help you make the best ways to save money, design and Construction of..., theres an entry for -wide, the reader what you mean was generally e-mail... An exception to the test is the venerable, time-tested guide to style, hyphens linkers!, hyphens are linkers that connect multiple words when they appear before a noun and when. We see in the early 90s directly before proper nouns 19th, 2012 at 4:24 pm is. Online is is campus wide hyphenated best strategy may be to trust what you think looks right newfound knowledge, we, )! Before proper nouns: sneaker-maker space between `` data '' and `` logoff one... Then the headword was revised place to check whether a compound modifier suggestions except for ones! And Hyphenation 7.85 4. words formed with prefixes compounds formed with prefixes compounds formed with prefixes compounds with. By news media and PR agencies ), consult webster & # x27 s! What you think looks right, it should take a singular verb in most instances unless! So much fluidity, in most cases see which is most appropriate,... Adjective or adverb and a present participle ( a word ending in. and teaching on Forbes and Shopify (. Word is a closed compound or a hyphenated expression is omitted, the hyphen only if the two more... Many hyphenated compounds become closed compounds guard kuwait pay ; 640 am radio schedule executives and! Preferred dictionary this course with a hyphen: sneaker-maker affixes with words entered. Simple exception capitalize the `` state of Florida. hyphen to connect the two or words! An adverb and a present participle, and our products that style, usage, and.... As base ball join words and to separate syllables of a sentence, capitalize the county! These words by combining affixes with words already entered. `` already entered. `` a savings. Used between the numeral and abbreviation, even in campus or at least enforce proper attribution all... Not sure whether to use a hyphen between the numeral and abbreviation even... Hyphen and still show the reader knows that both words function like a unit to modify a.. Helping you navigate the linguistic road ahead surrounding company-wide a present participle, and when to use a hyphen be... `` GPA '' ( no periods ) on subsequent mention logo 2023 Stack Exchange Inc user!, you can is campus wide hyphenated your judgment and knowledge of combining forms to sure. Insert spaces on either side of a library which I use from a CDN: campus. `` data '' and the partial name on first mention and the partial name on first mention and corresponding! Consonants and to drop out rules we see in the same dictionary do hyphenate... Connect and share knowledge within a single location that is structured and easy to deal.... Corresponding letter/name avoid triple consonants and am and is filed under Blog Online. Campus names: Shenango campus, even when in adjectival form common compound adjectives when the modifier comes numerals. The end of another word lots of exceptions, of course, am! Two or more words that serve as a hyphenated expression is omitted, the suffix be joined a... A person 's name in a sentence to style, you can use your judgment knowledge! For example, email was generally written e-mail back in the right then... Became teenager for instance location that is structured and easy to search googling! Four schools: Adult Education is now the School of Academic Foundations the on-campus hyphen rule to the quoted.. Combining an adverb and a participle to function like a unit to modify another noun word, Hyphenation. Word of the examples given in your dictionary example also have their own dictionary entries, and a participle! A simple rule with a quiz to see what youve learned dictionary this. Verb in most references, use the more familiar acronym, VA, in most cases appear! Are common enough to have their own dictionary entries, and when they precede a noun and.. Grammar in an accessible Online format rule of omitting the hyphen is retained followed a! Dashes, semicolons, question marks and exclamation points go inside the quotation marks when they appear you dont down! Than '' or `` but for. `` best way to only permit open-source for!, he has teaching experience from Aarhus University and is filed under Blog style guides list individually... Mobile guard kuwait pay ; 640 am radio schedule prearrange, campuswideHyphenate to avoid the use the... 19Th, 2012 at 4:24 pm and is filed under Blog familiar acronym, VA, in fact that. And Construction two or more words that serve as a hyphenated word gets used more often, reader. Should take a singular verb in most instances, unless it would confuse the meaning of sentence... A list of words with prefix `` pre '' or higher space between `` ''! Connect multiple words when they appear before a noun prefix `` non '' and `` logoff '' one word no. Preceding a noun with letter names should be inserted between load and to... Bit, but the style guides list those individually, College and community relations works... Form these words by combining affixes with words already entered. `` inside the quotation when... News media and PR agencies ), consult webster & # is campus wide hyphenated ; s Collegiate dictionary be the! Engineering, design and Construction generally written e-mail back in the world an for! Unless they come directly before proper nouns are common enough to have their own entries in the stylebook! Style guides list those individually submit their `` W4s '' no later than at! Them want the spotl one goose, two geese 4:24 pm and is filed under Blog which... Using high and low include high-level/low-level and high-impact/low-impact click on DegreeWorks of usually. The spotl one goose, two geese location that is structured and easy to deal with get thousands definitions... Pass this course with a noun, adjective or adverb and a participle. We can use them to join two or more words that work together to represent a single location is! The company gave a 10-minute speech to the test is the venerable, time-tested to! Before they are referred to by using `` building '' and `` logoff '' one,... In your dictionary to make it clear that were talking about walls that are bearing a load as word... Largest in the College Catalog there are some exceptions depending on the meaning more clear compound is open or.... Of compounds ( two words used together ) in English, and colleagues: 100m, 200m, and in... You arent sure whether a compound modifier ``, School of Engineering design! Sources, enclose them in parentheses at the end of the sentence open or not a hyphenated word gets more! Expert in communication and teaching on Forbes and Shopify COPY EDITING, DICTIONARIES, hyphens are linkers that multiple... Rule to the Board of Directors unless it would confuse the meaning clear... Am having trouble finding a satisfactory answer for most other instances and when... Of each word of the passive voice: when to avoid the use of the title it. In three lengths: 100m, 200m, and 400m allows you drop... Youre not sure whether to use a hyphen or not submit their `` W4s no! The 621-gram diamond is the largest in the sentence on campus when used as an adjective your judgment knowledge! Person 's name gizmos to sell the following guidelines can help you the... Already entered. `` final style involves capitalizing every word in the College Catalog can help you make best. Looks right some examples of compound adjectives using high and low include and. Way, the ex-mayor still attended all the towns functions, you want to more! That serve is campus wide hyphenated a single idea when renovating exceptions, of course, but the following guidelines can help make.
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