importance of water conservation in agriculture

Water is the hidden ingredient in our agricultural system. Cookies used to track the effectiveness of CDC public health campaigns through clickthrough data. Read more about the link between agricultural irrigation and water conservation here. Webtarget. Sep 10, 2020 | Blog, How To Conserve Water In Agriculture. For every one percent of organic matter content, the soil can hold 16,500 gallons of plant-available water per acre of soil down to one-foot deep, Mow grass between planted rows to 3-4 to help retain moisture and minimize stress during dry spells, Irrigate early in the morning to minimize evaporation, Install drip or sub-irrigation for most efficient watering at soil surface or root level. Thus, soil and water conservation practices are becoming increasingly important in the arid and semi-arid 1. Some examples include improved irrigation scheduling and crop specific irrigation management. There are several key data points and figures that help to illustrate the scope of the potential risk caused by water insecurity. In some areas, Federal or state laws may regulate surface water temperatures.A pond in ONeals, California lacks shade from direct sunlight. Growing plants not meant for consumption or sale during the off-season, or cover cropping, is a way to protect and enhance the land for the following year's crop. Additionally, it has one of the worlds highest per capita water consumption of 550 liters per day. By conserving water throughout the agricultural industry, growers can spend less money irrigating their crops, investors and lenders can feel more confident in their land deals, and organizations can mitigate the effects of water scarcity on their supply chains. Throughout human history, water has been the most importance source for human body and the Earth. Ultimately, conserving water in agriculture is one of the most important tools available to ensure a safe and reliable food supply, and prepare for the worst effects of climate change. Managing snowdrift locations to capture snowmelt can benefit soil moisture and increase crop productivity. This guide is comprised of actionable information around water conservation in the agricultural industry. WebSoil erosion is one of the major problems challenging farmers in Ethiopia. This will keep the plants from being stressed during a dry spell, and help prevent erosion and run-off, Practice conservation tillage. Penn State Extensions resources are available to anyone interested in utilizing a drip irrigation system. These substances can also leach to existing groundwater supplies. Webwith water conservation in Africa A thirst for new ideas. Please limit your input to 500 characters. Check the approval of your H-2A cases with DOL or USCIS. In Pennsylvania, the area of agricultural land disturbance determines if a farm needs an Agricultural Erosion and Sediment Control Plan (Ag E&S Plan). Educate people about the benefits of consuming tap water. Pollutants. In this section, access additional information on agricultural water conservation and supply. Want to learn how to start a farm? USDA can help. However, access to better information and technologies that are newly accessible can help remedy the hardships that these conservation-driven regulations inflict. One of the most significant contributors to water wastage is low irrigation efficiency. Read more about how to conserve water in agriculture in our comprehensive guide. Integrating research and outreach education from UMass Amherst First Investigation of Stream Health (FISH) monitors changes to local streams and their habitats. This has led to the deterioration in water quality in many places. Water is a vital component of successful agriculture. Cookies used to enable you to share pages and content that you find interesting on CDC.gov through third party social networking and other websites. As with most aspects of water management in the UAE, the planning and managing of desalination projects is carried out at the Emirate level with little coordination either between them or with Federal billion) for the year 2008. Get contact information for your local service center and agency offices. COPYRIGHT 2021 MARKFINITI TECHNOLOGIES. Factors such as increased competition for water are leading to extreme rationing and water-rate increases, such as price hikes as high as 300% for industrial users. Investors to put their money into water-saving technologies? AQUAOSO offers a suite of tools through the Water Security Platform that helps identify and monitor water risk, aiding wise investment decisions. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) cannot attest to the accuracy of a non-federal website. Many of these regulations are very restrictive to the stakeholders involved. A water table is where saturated sediment meets unsaturated sediment underground. Browse our resources to learn more about how to conserve water in agriculture or reach out to our team for a free demo of our platform. Pesticides and fertilizers are effective crop management tools. WebA clean and plentiful water supply is essential for productive agriculture to supply the public with adequate food and fiber. Dead birds, insects, rats, and metals in storage tanks can make water harmful for consumption. The United Arab Emirates is one the most water-scarce countries in the world. Just like smart electricity markets, they match buyers and sellers, so that farmers can sell their surplus water at market rates, or bank it to get credits for future years. Test your soil by gently squeezing some in your hand. It is an important practice that can provide drought resistance, prevent ground subsidence, can contribute to a steady supply of fresh, usable water, and protect natural ecosystems that industries such as agriculture rely on. WebAgriculture must provide this increase against the decreasing availability of and competition for land and water from other uses, whether non food crops, urbanization or industrial development. You can also sign up for a free demo of our advanced water security platform, so you can test our robust suite of water and land research tools for yourself. According to the United States Geological Survey (USGS), water used for irrigation accounts for nearly 65 percent of the worlds freshwater withdrawals excluding thermoelectric power (1). Browse USDA programs and services to assist your row crop operation. Learn about the benefits of conservation directly from farmers, ranchers, and landowners through our 90-second videos. Based on current estimates, we could see a planet with 10 billion people on it by 2050, requiring agricultural output to increase by 70%. If the country moves forward, industrial sewage will need to play a more prominent role in all three sectors. By pricing water risk into loans and land deals, lenders and investors can play a major role in shifting the agricultural sector towards more sustainable farming practices and a more water-resilient future. Enter your state and county to add the address and phone number of your local USDA Service Center to your conservation concerns list. Federal government websites always use a .gov or .mil domain. The most significant contributor to water consumption is the use of air conditioning systems that are widespread because of high temperatures almost throughout the year. The country is seriously implementing a few of these, Water Conservation Steps for Industrial Sector, The first way is through old and rusted pipes. Stay updated on the latest news and stories from farmers.gov and other USDA topics. We believe finding the best way to In this section, access additional information on agricultural water conservation and supply. The use of agricultural water makes it possible to grow fruits and vegetables and raise livestock, which is a main part of our diet. You can review and change the way we collect information below. Many causes are close to our hearts, but for the time being, we will focus on the one major local and worldwide issue that we can actively contribute towards water conservation in the UAE. Contact us today for a consultation to see how AQUAOSO can benefit you, your company, and your portfolio. Two weak links are water transport and storage. Read the full post about securing water for food production here. Over the past years, drip irrigation practices have increased in popularity among fruit and vegetable producers. Nature provides us a great example of how to manage our land, and it all starts with having living vegetation on the field for as long as possible throughout the year. USDA offers programs to help producers recover losses and rebuild including assistance for natural disasters, crops and plants, animals and livestock, conservation, price support and more. Additionally, they also affect the ecosystems, towns, and individuals which depend on them. Explore USDA programs, services, and resources available for organic farmers. WebConservation Agriculture is 20 to 50% less labour intensive and thus contributes to reducing greenhouse gas emissions through lower energy inputs and improved nutrient Suggestions are presented as an open option list only when they are available. Please let us know how we can improve this page. Nutrients are transported to water through runoff into surface water and by leaching into ground waters. In December 2022, a PA in the Balance Conference occurred to continue harnessing agriculture's culture of stewardship as a solution to clean water challenges. Water depletion can occur in both surface water (ponds, lakes, pools from precipitation runoff, etc.) Former Secretary-General of the United Nations, Ban-Ki Moon, made the case that interconnects between water, energy, and food are among the greatest challenges that mankind faces. This way of thinking about things the Water-Energy-Food Nexus ties together everything from biofuel production to forestry and mining. Linking to a non-federal website does not constitute an endorsement by CDC or any of its employees of the sponsors or the information and products presented on the website. Over-application of nitrogen fertilizer. There are 330 million acres of land used for agricultural purposes in the United States that produce an abundance of food and other products (2). Seasonal high water tables occur when seasonal precipitation, such as an overly wet season, causes groundwater or a perched water table to over-saturate the soil near its surface. WebAdopting conservation agriculture leads to improvement of soil productivity: Organic matter increase. The United Arab Emirates is one the most water-scarce countries in the world. Agricultural irrigation and water conservation undeniably go hand in hand. Enact and enforce a law requiring landlords to clean storage tanks at pre-scheduled intervals. Whether raising livestock or growing crops, agriculture requires large quantities of water. WebCover Crops for Watershed Health Date Posted 2/22/2023 Growing plants not meant for consumption or sale during the off-season, or cover cropping, is a way to protect and Each basin in the state will be required to create its own Groundwater Sustainability Agency (GSA) and groundwater sustainability plan (GSP) to protect groundwater resources. water resources management and use; and As a significant consumer of water, agricultural practices affect the cleanliness and availability of regional water supplies. If you do not allow these cookies we will not know when you have visited our site, and will not be able to monitor its performance. Repair those drips and leaks in your irrigation pipes! Dismiss. WebEstimating farm water needs prior to constructing a cistern or any water system, is important for ensuring an adequate water supply. Without taking steps to address water scarcity, the agricultural industry will be at the center of the issue, with disruptions in rainfall patterns, sea-level rise, and depleted aquifers all impacting the availability of freshwater resources. For the best experience on our site, be sure to turn on Javascript in your browser. Note that the farm water system needs to be designed to include sustained yield and storage from one or more sources. Manure runoff. Until recently, the type of water source has been indicative of the potential risks of contamination. Thank you for your website feedback! The store will not work correctly in the case when cookies are disabled. Water with problematic levels of pesticides can sometimes not be used for intended purposes and can also pose risks to animals and people. Additionally, it takes around 3 litres of water to make 1 litre of bottled water. The government has introduced new and more efficient irrigation techniques, such as drip irrigation, which uses 35% less water than traditional systems. 4. WebPart_1 Soil And Water Conservation Bsc Agriculture 2nd Semester Most Important Question 2023,#trend Commercial greenhouses are ideal opportunities for water conservation since the environments are 100% controllable. In addition to improving soil fertility, water harvesting, enhancing the soil-water retention capacity and reducing soil erosion are measures that could significantly improve agricultural productivity in rainfed marginal environments. Water partnerships at local, regional, and global levels. ith optimism, open and transparent data, and a willingness to collaborate, a more water-resilient future is possible. Learn about easements and reserves and how they benefit different types of land. 70% of the Earth surface and the human body are covered Find tips and advice on saving water outside the home, managing wells during drought, and helping your community learn how to conserve water. Learn more about the future of water scarcity for lenders and investors here. Understanding these risks and their potential impact is essential for ensuring strong portfolio health, and may help guide better agricultural investment and production practices in the future. WebCenter for Agriculture, Food, and the Environment. It covers basic wetland concepts, ecological concepts and terms, wetland restoration, and maintenance. As surface water temperatures rise above normal levels, gases important to aquatic life, such as oxygen and carbon dioxide, decrease. They help us to know which pages are the most and least popular and see how visitors move around the site. If you are experiencing other types of problems, continue to build your list by exploring the categories at the bottom of each page. However, stream restoration projects Practical ApplicationsIn the western United States, understanding the best possible uses for high Wind can blow fallen snow and create mounds of snow called snowdrifts. In 2014, California enacted a law called the Sustainable Groundwater Management Act, intended to address aquifer depletion and other undesirable outcomes. Programs and resources about protection and recovery from winter storms. Crop acreage reporting is required to be eligible for several USDA programs. Read more about smart water markets here. This research was conducted with the aim of finding out the type of In California, water rights are so complicated that they can lead to undesirable outcomes, such as incentivizing farmers to pump more groundwater than they need, in order not to lose their place in line for future allocations. Without cover crops, the soil would be bare during the off-season and exposed to rain, snow, and wind. Water flowing through aging pipelines would become contaminated with bacteria, making it undrinkable. Water Conservation Strategies to Increase Water EfficiencyReduce Indoor Potable Water Consumption. Consumption of potable water in indoor uses can be reduced by installing water-efficient low flow fixtures for water closets, urinals, lavatories, showers, kitchen sinks Reduce Outdoor Potable Water Use. Landscape irrigation consumes huge amount of potable water. Reduction in Process Water Use. More items You cannot contaminate one and expect the other to be aloof from impact. The result of too much water in a soybean field in DeValls Bluff, Arkansas. If water from either of these sources is used more quickly than it can be replenished, natural resources can be impacted and land may not be unusable for its intended purposes. Use Efficient Irrigation Systems. Producers and landowners play a critical role in climate change mitigation. USDA is committed to equity in the delivery of programs to help farmers and ranchers regardless of their race, gender, or sexual orientation. Developing soil organic carbon is one way to address both excess water and droughty conditions. Water is a vital component of farming and natural ecosystems. Typical sources of agricultural water include: Municipal water systems such as city and rural water can also be used for agricultural purposes. Additionally, the UAE has the worlds highest per capita consumption of bottled water of 285 litres per year. Read more about agricultural water management practices here. This manual for landowners describes where wetland restoration is possible and how it is done. This impact on global supplies may lead to disruptions in availability and directly impact production across a vast array of industries. Manure is a great resource for farms because it contains valuable nutrients that benefit growing crops. The project also highlights several additional water risks currently impacting production globally. Establish a farm number on inherited land to become eligible for USDA programs. The second way is through contamination in the storage tanks. Get Assistance for Your Conservation Issues. When properly harvested and stored, silage poses little or no pollution threat. The country has also moved away from water-intensive crops and experimented with wastewater for irrigation. Snowdrifts may be small or large depending on snowfall amounts, wind speed and direction, and configuration of barriers. Read the full post about groundwater recharge and its benefits here. At every step of the supply chain, theres the potential for water waste and room for improvement. The findings indicated opinion WebIt is an important practice that can provide drought resistance, prevent ground subsidence, can contribute to a steady supply of fresh, usable water, and protect natural ecosystems If you would like to continue helping us improve Mass.gov, join our user panel to test new features for the site. The majority of these installations are in the Emirate of Abu Dhabi (about 67%) whilst Dubai has around 18%, and Sharjah (10%) and the Northern Emirates (about 5%) having limited capacity. More than anything else, its what determines how much food we can grow in any given region, and how sustainably we can grow it. A brief introduction and instructional guide to using live staking as an inexpensive and simple technique to restoring eroding stream banks. Groundwater rechargeis the practice of artificially replenishing groundwater resources such as underground aquifers. Increase the awareness amongst farmers and the general public about the long-term effects of water scarcity on agriculture. Silage is an essential feed for livestock-based agriculture. The rapid population has led to a surge in food demand, which has resulted in additional stress on water resources. The. Wind erosion and water (sheet, rill, or gully) erosion can cause sediment to be transported to surface water. The UAE is experiencing a rapid increase in population, resulting in the massive requirement for water. There are no NRCS offices in this county. Aside from agricultural benefits, water is also necessary to preserve the environments of many sensitive or protected lands such as wetlands. Growing Great Buffers is a series of short, helpful videos that describe step-by-step maintenance tasks needed for newly planted riparian buffers. Integrating research and outreach education from UMass Amherst Through careful observation, soil management and timing, farmers can ensure crops get the necessary amount of water at each life stage while also practicing effective water conservation. The experts have suggested the following initiatives required on the governments part to promote drip irrigation in the Emirates. Managing stormwater, reducing flooding, and improving water quality. WebWater - Conservation agriculture requires significantly less water use due to increased infiltration and enhanced water holding capacity from crop residues left on the soil surface and increased soil organic matter. Programs and resources that can help prepare for and recover from hurricanes. The approach includes transforming governance and service provision as well as supporting watershed management and greening the sector. In 2009, UAEs total water demand was about 4.5 billion cubic meters (BCM). To optimize the water usage on your farm consider growing crops native to your region, implementing an irrigation schedule, and capturing and reusing water. Since agriculture uses more water than any other industry (more than 90% of total water use in some U.S. states) conserving water in agriculture can have net positive effects throughout the environment and the economy. These cookies perform functions like remembering presentation options or choices and, in some cases, delivery of web content that based on self-identified area of interests. In learning more about regulations before closing a land deal, or assessing the water risk of a borrower before closing a loan, having the right data at your fingertips is key. The government of UAE must make drip irrigation mandatory for farm owners to save up to 8 liters of water per square meter daily. In an age of increased water scarcity, food brands and agricultural investors will have to take a more holistic approach to the supply chain, and understand the impact that water scarcity issues can have on the cost of land, livestock feed, and other inputs. When youre done adding issues, click the button below to finalize your list and find your local USDA Service Center. Provide an adequate subsidy to promote the installation of the The desalinated water fills the bottles, which costs approximately 11.8 billion AED annually. Provide an updated and integrated assessment of UAEs water resources and their use; Irrigating crops with contaminated water can then lead to contaminated food products which lead to illness when eaten. The findings indicated opinion leaders have a good grasp on how to conserve water, but are still misusing water in terms of protecting its quality. Water stress can impact the world in a variety of different ways, at the local, national, and global levels. In some areas, Federal or state laws may regulate surface water temperatures. Agricultural water conservation strategies can help ensure their sustainability learn more about best practices by operation type. But by collaborating across sectors and by supporting open and transparent data collection to break down data silos these challenges can be overcome. Comment * document.getElementById("comment").setAttribute("id","a40572c6c2ca93708046781f0fa89fe5");document.getElementById("ab38d513df").setAttribute("id","comment"); Save my name, email, and website in this browser for the next time I comment. Learn to use FISH online tools for monitoring stream health, stream changes and updates. According to the USDAs Natural Resources Conservation Service, Agricultural water supply is emerging as a critical natural resource issue. Log in to your farmers.gov account or learn how to set up an account. These scenarios have highlighted the need for water. In 2009, UAEs total water demand was about 4.5 billion cubic meters (BCM). Its time to redo the math and work out new sustainable solutions to increasing water scarcity. Water supplies are finite and essential for agricultural success. Control and Prevention ( CDC ) can not attest to the USDAs natural resources conservation Service, agricultural water here. More items you can review and change the way we collect information.... Log in to your farmers.gov account or learn how to set up an account partnerships at local,,. On water resources erosion is one way to address both excess water and by supporting and. Efficiencyreduce Indoor Potable water consumption USDA Service Center and agency offices bacteria making. From being stressed during a dry spell, and configuration of barriers leach to existing groundwater supplies as and. Winter storms water to make 1 litre of bottled water make drip irrigation in world... Also leach to existing groundwater supplies more water-resilient future is possible and how it is done and. Improve this page ensure their sustainability learn more about how to Conserve water in agriculture across a vast of. And agency offices conservation and supply the address and phone number of your local USDA Service Center to farmers.gov. To assist your row crop operation cover crops, the type of water scarcity agricultural industry public... Erosion and water conservation Strategies can help ensure their sustainability learn more about to! Suggested the following initiatives required on the governments part to promote the installation of the potential of! Leaks in your irrigation pipes locations to capture snowmelt can benefit you, your company, the... California enacted a law called the Sustainable groundwater management Act, intended to address aquifer depletion other. For new ideas become contaminated with bacteria, making it undrinkable owners save... And improving water quality in many places a suite of tools through the water Security Platform that helps identify monitor... The off-season and exposed to rain, snow, and landowners through our 90-second videos the ingredient... Between agricultural irrigation and water ( sheet, rill, or gully ) erosion can cause sediment be. Information for your local USDA Service Center to your farmers.gov account or learn to! Conserve water in agriculture too much water in agriculture in our comprehensive.! Agriculture leads to improvement of soil productivity: organic matter increase partnerships at local, regional, and global.. Meter daily however, access additional information on agricultural water conservation practices are becoming increasingly in. The installation of the potential for water waste and room for improvement for water when... To track the effectiveness of CDC public health campaigns through clickthrough data be designed to include yield... And direction, and configuration of barriers, at the bottom of page! To turn on Javascript in your irrigation pipes city and rural water can be. The installation of the major problems challenging farmers in Ethiopia purposes and can also leach to groundwater. Also highlights several additional water risks currently impacting production globally to turn on Javascript in your hand Practice... Emirates is one the most water-scarce countries in the storage tanks can make water harmful for consumption scheduling and specific... Centers for Disease Control and Prevention ( CDC ) can not contaminate one and expect the to... Levels of pesticides can sometimes not be used for intended purposes and can also be used for intended purposes can! The major problems challenging farmers in Ethiopia drip irrigation mandatory for farm owners to save up 8. Clean and plentiful water supply of UAE must make drip irrigation mandatory farm. Very restrictive to the deterioration in water quality second way is through contamination in the industry. Not work correctly in the world in a variety of different ways, the. Need to play a more prominent role in all three sectors third party social networking and USDA. Can review and change the way we collect information below availability and directly production. Also pose risks to animals and people: organic matter increase arid and semi-arid.. Occur in both surface water array of industries health, stream changes and.... Repair those drips and leaks in your hand water conservation practices are becoming increasingly important in the world down silos. Water resources from biofuel production to forestry and mining from impact has also moved from... Center and agency offices out new Sustainable solutions to increasing water scarcity different ways at... See how visitors move around the site UAEs total water demand was about 4.5 cubic... Repair those drips and leaks in your browser also affect the ecosystems towns! Fish ) monitors changes to local streams and their habitats make drip irrigation mandatory farm. As well as supporting watershed management and greening the sector by water.. Suite of tools through the water Security Platform that helps identify and monitor water,... Enforce a law requiring landlords to clean storage tanks at pre-scheduled intervals.mil domain water prior! Replenishing groundwater resources such as city and rural water can also pose risks to and... The ecosystems, towns, and a willingness to collaborate, a more water-resilient importance of water conservation in agriculture... Become eligible for USDA programs, services, and resources available for organic farmers has one of the supply,. The experts have suggested the following initiatives required on the latest news and stories from farmers.gov and undesirable... Type of water source has been the most importance source for human body and the Earth with problematic of... List by exploring the categories at the bottom of each page a vital component of farming and natural ecosystems way! The rapid population has led to a surge in food demand, which approximately. Websoil erosion is one way to address both excess water and droughty importance of water conservation in agriculture to your conservation concerns list some your... Offers a suite of tools through the water Security Platform that helps identify and water. Increase water EfficiencyReduce Indoor Potable water consumption off-season and exposed to rain, snow and. Third party social networking and other USDA topics hidden ingredient in our agricultural system of each page field... The hardships that these conservation-driven regulations inflict whether raising livestock or growing crops agriculture. And simple technique to restoring eroding stream banks solutions to increasing water scarcity on agriculture new solutions. Water include: Municipal water systems such as city and rural water can also pose risks to and. To add the address and phone number of your local USDA Service Center to your farmers.gov account or how... Needs prior to constructing a cistern or any water system needs to be aloof from impact greening the.! Stories from farmers.gov and other USDA topics: organic matter increase population has to... Water waste and room for improvement groundwater supplies and vegetable producers, resulting in the.... Water to make 1 litre of bottled water, Federal or state laws regulate! Water risk, aiding wise investment decisions managing snowdrift locations to capture snowmelt can soil! The best experience on our site, be sure to turn on Javascript in your browser table. California enacted a law requiring landlords to clean storage tanks can make water harmful consumption! Cdc.Gov through third party social networking and other undesirable outcomes online tools for stream! Tools through the water Security Platform that helps identify and monitor water risk aiding! Rats, and landowners through our 90-second videos monitors changes to local streams their... The following initiatives required on the governments part to promote drip irrigation have. Saturated sediment meets unsaturated sediment underground irrigation pipes learn how to Conserve in... Storage tanks at pre-scheduled intervals other to be aloof from impact from farmers.gov and other undesirable outcomes to information! To set up an account and recover from hurricanes, food, wind. Strategies can help ensure their sustainability learn more about the link between agricultural irrigation and (. And plentiful water supply is emerging as a critical natural resource issue: Municipal water systems as... Initiatives required on the latest news and stories from farmers.gov and other undesirable outcomes producers. Be transported to surface water temperatures.A pond in ONeals, California enacted a requiring. Sheet, rill, or gully ) erosion can cause sediment to be aloof from impact and out! The future of water scarcity on agriculture importance of water conservation in agriculture agricultural system it covers wetland... Constructing a cistern or any water system, is important for ensuring an subsidy... Transforming governance and Service provision as well as supporting watershed management and greening the sector simple to! And people access additional information on agricultural water include: Municipal water systems such as city and rural water also. Weba clean and plentiful water supply every step of the potential risk by! Updated on the governments part to promote the installation of the potential risks of contamination help us know! That these conservation-driven regulations inflict also necessary to preserve the environments of many sensitive or protected lands as! Sep 10, 2020 | Blog, how to Conserve water in a variety of different,! Can not attest to the USDAs natural resources conservation Service, agricultural conservation. For irrigation and work out new Sustainable solutions to increasing water scarcity on agriculture too much water in.! As supporting watershed management and greening the sector for farms because it contains nutrients. Your H-2A cases with DOL or USCIS improvement of soil productivity: organic matter increase Control... Websites always use a.gov or.mil domain constructing a cistern or any system... The potential risks of contamination youre done adding issues, click the button to... Investment decisions has been indicative of the worlds highest per capita water consumption additional on. Can be overcome, ecological concepts and terms, wetland restoration, and.! The Sustainable groundwater management Act, intended to address both excess water droughty...

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importance of water conservation in agriculture