In the first months of 1942, the Japanese launched further attacks against British Burma, Australian-administered New Guinea and Papua, and the islands of the Dutch East Indies (now Indonesia). For this, he ordered the air arm of Vice Admiral Jisaburo Ozawa's Third Fleet carriers to reinforce the Eleventh Air Fleet at Rabaul. From there the documents were immediately sent to Brisbane for translation by ATIS personnel. Meanwhile, on 30 March and continuing to 3 April these air forces attacked Hollandia itself and the airfields on the Sentani plain. As a result, a system of thorough Screening, i.e., the rapid examination of documents and the extraction (partial translations) therefrom of the more important material only, was given added prominence. These were supported by a force of eight escort carriers of the 5th Fleet. [30][31] The decision to undertake these operations simultaneously stretched Allied shipping and logistics resources, and necessitated reallocating resources from other theaters and roles. Although the quantity of documents captured in South East Asia and China were not as voluminous as those found elsewhere, nevertheless there were major collections captured. To alleviate this difficulty, in July 1944, an officer was assigned for duty with ATIS for the purpose of organizing a sub-section to clean and restore documents making them more readily legible. [24][25] The operation was the 24th Infantry Division's first combat assignment after home defense duties in Hawaii and training in Australia,[26] but the 41st Infantry Division had previously taken part in the fighting in New Guinea in 19421943. The heavy cruiser Nachi, which was sunk in Manila Bay in November 1944, provided a massive quantity of annotated charts of minefields and defenses, diaries, logs, blueprints, fleet operation plans and orders dating back to before the Pearl Harbor attack, and numerous books on Japanese naval tactics and doctrine. [14] MacArthur would have liked to deny this area to the Japanese, but he had neither sufficient air nor naval forces to undertake a counterlanding. [7], MacArthur met with the commander of the Pacific Fleet, Admiral Chester W. Nimitz, at Brisbane between 25 and 27 March to discuss the role of the Navy in the operation. American military leaders knew that while the number of prisoners (and thus information) taken in the Pacific would be relatively small, compared to the war in Europe, Japanese records would become all that more important as an intelligence source. They were carrying Admiral Mineichi Koga, commander in chief of the Imperial Japanese Navy, and his staff, including Vice Admiral Shegeru Fukudome, who was carrying the Z plan documents and the associated cipher system. 7 was cancelled and no record is held that No. 4, Bibliographic Index used for all ATIS publications; No. In early 1945, in the vicinity of Bhamo in northern Burma, CIC CIT No. The unit was in effect a miniature ATIS, with various sections, coordinating the production of translation and interrogation reports of immediate operation value. In the final days of March, the Fast Carrier Force (Task Force 58) attacked Japanese airbases on Palau and islands in the Carolines. Late in the summer, Lieut. Forward positions would first be established at Milne Bay, located in the forked eastern end of the Papuan peninsula, and at Buna, a village on the northeast coast of Papua about halfway between Huon Gulf and Milne Bay. 16 dealt with interrogation of captured American B-24 air crews; No. This resulted in considerable fatigue for the air crews. Red 2 beach was found to be highly unsuitable and the promised roads were non-existent. [27], The ground forces would be supported by two naval bombardment forces. Some of the research reports dealt with military and naval matters, such as No. The remote but crucial airfield lay 25 miles south/southeast of the port town of Salamaua. They immediately sent back to Australia approximately 3,500 pounds of records, letters, and other documentary material. [14] They included plans, charts, air defense details on all Japanese-held Pacific islands, and battle orders. Pin-pointed locations of components of the enemys main artillery support for this operation were made available to all Corps artillery units. He told soldiers that ATIS personnel had told him that they had seen Japanese documents held as souvenirs of earlier battles in New Guinea, which contained information of tactical value which if had been turned in at the time, would have saved lives and shortened battles. Base ATIS was closed at Brisbane on June 4, 1945, and established several weeks later in Manila. [6], The struggle for New Guinea began with the capture by the Japanese of the city of Rabaul at the northeastern tip of New Britain Island in January 1942 (the Allies responded with multiple bombing raids, of which the action off Bougainville was one). The B-29s in the Pacific, forming a part of the U.S. 20th Air Force, were controlled by the U.S. Joint Chiefs of Staff, acting through Gen. Henry (Hap) Arnold, commanding general of the U.S. Army Air Forces. The large majority of the defending Japanese troops there had uncharacteristically abandoned their positions and fled inland. Two months after JICPOA was formed US forces invaded the Gilbert Islands. [28][29] Secondary landings would take place Aitape, 125 miles to the east, at the same time as those around Hollandia. 10, Restoration of Captured Documents (June 28, 1945). In mid-1944 many changes in organization occurred in the Pacific theatres. The majority of the Allied force was provided by the United States, with the bulk of two United States Army infantry divisions being committed on the ground. All agreed, of course, that the naval forces that had met with such success in the Gilbert Islands should push toward the Marianas, from which the heavy B-29 bombers of the Army Air Forces could strike at Japan. After the occupation of Hollandia and Aitape the Allies were in a strong position, but they did not stop there. It was a new kind of combined operations warfare in which the Allies consistently outclassed their Japanese opponents. It showed the units to which they belonged. Simultaneous operations from these two locations, one amphibious and one overland, would converge on the target city. [10] After the chief of staff of the Second Area Army travelled to Wewak to deliver Adachi orders in person, he directed that the 66th Infantry Regiment begin moving from Wewak to Hollandia on 18 April; it was expected that this unit would arrive there in mid-June. Before the operation against the Japanese at Hollandia, Dutch New Guinea, 41st CIC Detachment Special Agent in Charge Duval Edwards at Finschhaven during March and April 1944 gave many lectures on the great importance of soldiers turning in any captured documents. To the invaders from Japan, and the occupiers from Australia and the United States, however, New Guineans appeared as colonial subjects at best, and as slaves at worst. Many of the captured documents provided significant intelligence to General Douglas MacArthurs forces in the SWPA. To assist researchers interested in World War II-era research regarding the Pacific and Far East, I prepared a 1,700-page finding aid entitled Japanese War Crimes and Related Records: A Guide to Records in the National Archives,which is searchable and available online. The battle took place between 22 April and 6 June 1944 and formed part of the New Guinea campaign. [4] See The Beginnings of the United States Armys Japanese Language Training: From the Presidio of San Francisco to Camp Savage, Minnesota 1941-1942,. It was later thought that 3000 troops from the 6th Sea Detachment were in the area, and reinforcements were being rapidly transferred there. Interestingly enough, among these records was a complete listing of the Japanese Imperial Army Ordnance Inventory. [16] That summer a Document Restoration Sub-Section, staffed by six WACs (Womens Army Corps), including one officer, was established. [21] Japanese bombers were often escorted by fighters which came in at 30,000ft (9,100m)too high to be intercepted by the P-39s and P-40sgiving the Japanese an altitude advantage in air combat. 9, Japanese-English Medical Dictionary; No. The US Navy Submarine USS Crevalle (SS 291) was sent to recover the documents and cipher codes. On 5 March, Imperial General Headquarters by Navy . I Corps Commanding General was informed in detail of a major enemy operation involving several divisions and embracing the entire Corps front from Rosario to Puncan. Rabaul became the forward base for the Japanese campaigns in mainland New Guinea, including the pivotal Kokoda Track campaign of July 1942 - January 1943, and the Battle of Buna-Gona. (1944), https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=New_Guinea_campaign&oldid=1136220909, 44,000 on Bougainville (politically a part of New Guinea), 30,500 on New Britain, New Ireland, and the Admiralty Islands. Three weeks later, on March 21, 1944, a captured field order disclosed the Japanese strength at Rossum, New Britain. formId: "13b57390-1d3c-43b8-b8c2-4570bb51abe4", The Japanese invaded New Guinea from November 1941 till April 1942 and occupied the Dutch part (except for Merauke) and the northern Australian part (Fakfak fell April 1, Manokwari April 12). When Hollandia, Dutch New Guinea, was captured in late April one of the first places CIC agents seized was the post office. They arrived off Hollandia during the night of 21/22 April and about 20 miles (32km) offshore, the convoy split again with the Central Attack Group preceding for Humboldt Bay while the Western Attack Group turned towards Tanahmerah Bay. When the Japanese invaded New Guinea in early 1942, they began a struggle for control of the island which would last until the end of the Second World War. The Allies proceeded to turn the island into an air base. The naval command in the Southwest Pacific remained unchanged. This was the so-called Z Operation document which gave the Japanese air and naval plan of defense against Allied attacks on their South Pacific possessions, giving their solutions for the defense against Allied attacks in three sectors of the South Pacific. Also that fall, in the vicinity of Myitkyina, CIC Combat Interrogation Team (CIT) No. ", Samuel Eliot Morison, Breaking the Bismarcks Barrier, p. 38. In early April 1943, a Japanese map was captured showing hidden positions of 87 barges at Labu, New Guinea. Historian Samuel Eliot Morison summed up the results this way: the enemy had shot his bolt; he never showed up again in these waters. [44], I-Go was to be carried out in two phases, one against the lower Solomons and one against Papua. Current Translations were publications containing complete translations of documents classified A, B, C, or D in ATIS Bulletins. At the Quebec Conference in August 1943, the leaders of the Allied nations agreed to this change in strategy focusing on neutralizing Rabaul rather than capturing it.[50]. In July 1944, incidental to the disclosure in ATIS documents and interrogations that a number of war crimes had been committed against Allied prisoners and non-combatants in the SWPA, the War Crimes Investigation Board was established under the Commanding General, US Army Forces Far East (USAFFE). [4][32] The shortage of shipping meant that each ship had to be loaded as efficiently as possible, using a technique known as combat loading to ensure that the most important stores and equipment could be unloaded quickly. . Lieut. In late 1943, the Information Section was given the task of writing Briefs consisting of a summary and highlights of Enemy Publications and Current Translations. [13] Because aircraft carriers had not been previously used to support Allied amphibious landings in the South-West Pacific, in early 1944 the Japanese leadership judged that Hollandia was safe from a direct attack as it was beyond the range of the available Allied fighter aircraft. Subsequently, Supplements No. Most regrettable!!' [3] Of these, only one was considered to be complete. Round one had gone to the Americans and Australians who had ejected the. His contemplated offensive against Wau died a-borning. [5], Allied intelligence successes led to the decision to land at Hollandia. portalId: 20973928, Publication No. [15] The only Allied response was a bombing raid of Lae and Salamaua by aircraft flying over the Owen Stanley Range from the carriers USSLexington and USSYorktown, leading the Japanese to reinforce these sites. In early 1943, it became apparent, as the Allies assumed the offensive, that the volume of documents captured would far exceed the capacity of personnel available to translate each and every document in full. The air defences consisted of P-39 and P-40 fighters. Instructions were issued to the assaulting forces personnel not to pocket captured documents as souvenirs but to turn them over to JICPOA personnel.[10]. ", John Vader, New Guinea: The Tide Is Stemmed, p. 93, The Australian 7th Division under the command of Major General George Alan Vasey, along with the revitalized US 32nd Division, restarted the Allied offensive. There was also a small airstrip.To the west, the Cyclops Mountains rise to over 7000 feet (2100 m). Late the next month at Biak, an island in Geelvink Bay, New Guinea, CIC agents seized the records of the finance office, post office, bank, and Japanese headquarters. In the spring of 1944, ATIS received a document which, after being translated, proved to be of exceptional value and probably considerably shortened the war. He did successfully conduct the Western New Guinea campaign in 1944 which liberated much of Dutch New Guinea. First, with completion of the reduction of Rabaul, the South Pacific Area was closed as an active theatre, and Halsey left to take command of the U.S. 3rd Fleet. These provided the first clues to breaking the Japanese Navys operational codes. I want you to take Buna, or not come back alive. The National Archives at College Park as well as other United States and foreign archival institutions hold copies of these publications. He told soldiers that ATIS personnel had told him that they had seen Japanese . Copies of the documents were made in Brisbane and the original documents were returned to the aircraft crash site by another submarine. Combat boundaries were listed. 5, Bibliographic Subject Index for Enemy Publications 1-200 (November 30, 1944), with a supplementary index from 201-300 (March 1945); No. The loss of Hollandia made the Japanese strategic defense line at Wakde, to the west, and all Japanese positions to the east untenable. It is important to note that all ATIS units maintained close relations with the CIC units and Australian Army Field Security Service, since these units were largely responsible for the collection and dispatch of captured documents in forward areas to the language personnel stationed with tactical units. As a result, code breaking was the main source of intelligence. 102103, The Japanese drive to conquer all of New Guinea had been decisively stopped. [5] The first Nisei linguists were tested when the Marines invaded Guadalcanal on August 7, 1942 and flew prisoners of war and captured Japanese documents were sent a short distance away to New Caledonia for processing by the Nisei language team attached to Task Force 6814. [8] ICPOAs first officer in charge was Cmdr. [22] The cost to the Allied fighters was high. Gona fell to the Australians on 9 December 1942, Buna to the US 32nd on 2 January 1943, and Sanananda, located between the two larger villages, fell to the Australians on 22 January. [7] The attack was designated Operation Reckless in recognition of the risks involved in carrying it out. [18] For more information regarding the Z Plan see my article The Z Plan Story: Japans 1944 Naval Battle Strategy Drifts into U.S. Hands, Part I and Part II in Prologue, Vol. Find many great new & used options and get the best deals for Lindberg D-Day Invasion LCT Cargo Ship Model Kit 1/125 New Sealed In Damaged Box at the best online prices at eBay! It was a grisly task, but a military necessity since Japanese soldiers do not surrender and within swimming distance of shore, they could not be allowed to land and join the Lae garrison. 119 deals with the Japanese Military Police Service and Report No. The diary covered the period January 1942-January 1944. Singapore, the Dutch East Indies and New Guinea had already fallen, and all of Australia's security hopes premised upon Britain's Fortress Singapore ideology had collapsed. The Battle of Hollandia (code-named Operation Reckless) was an engagement between Allies of World War II and Japanese forces during World War II. Nowhere in the modern world has an armed liberation struggle persisted for so long - nearly 30 years - and with such secrecy, as the West Papuan war of resistance against the military government of Indonesia. On 17 September, the Japanese had reached the village of Ioribaiwa, just 30 kilometres (20mi) from the Allied airdrome at Port Moresby. The Admiralty Islands having been seized a month ahead of schedule, MacArthur accelerated his advance. This information was given to the 163rd Infantry Regiment of the 41st Infantry Division who used it in subsequent offensive operations. Joining JICPOA once it became an inter-service organization were some 50 US Army Military Intelligence Service (MIS) Nisei linguists. The attack force comprised 84,000 personnel, including 52,000 combat troops, 23,000 support personnel, and a naval task force of 200 vessels of 7th Fleets Task Force 77 under Rear Admiral Daniel Barbey. While captured records were quickly evaluated in the field, almost all were eventually sent back to Hawaii, and some of those on to the Washington Document Center in Washington, D.C.[12] Although JICPOA was a major player in the captured documents intelligence business, it was ATIS, however, during the war years that handled the most documents. [54] There was little resistance initially, but further inland there was some opposition as elements of the 186th Infantry reached the lake by 24 April. Opposition on the ground at Hollandia was negligible and within four days the two divisions had secured inland Japanese airfields. Allied casualties amounted to 157 killed and 1,057 wounded. The timing of the landings at Hollandia were moved back to 22 April at around this time due to logistical problems and the Pacific Fleet's other commitments, and it was decided to conduct the landing at Aitape simultaneously with the main assault. They were prepared and distributed as a result of a specific need, and represented a form of publication for matters outside the usual range of translations and reports. . It stated also that the land offensive was scheduled to commence some time in the middle of November. Adachi ignored this order, and instead decided to concentrate his troops at Hansa Bay and Wewak. This document provided a complete list of approximately 40,000 Japanese Army officers together with their assignments. The destroyer Yayoi, sent to recover these men, was itself bombed and sunk on 11 September. In January 1944, during the New Britain-New Guinea operations, captured Japanese code books enabled radio intelligence staff to determine the intentions of Lt. Gen. Hatazo Adachi, commander of the Japanese 18th Army. US radio crew sets up communications center just after landing on Hollandia 1944. Often, they consisted of combined translations of several documents relating to the same subject, such as (No. Fortunately, one American officer wrote in 1944, the enemy as a nation is addicted to keeping diaries, and converting everything into writing.. Barbey's VII 'Phib carried out two almost simultaneous undertakings. The westernmost tip of New Guinea fell into Allied hands in the same month when elements of the U.S. 6th Infantry Division occupied the Sansapor-Mar area of Vogelkop Peninsula. There were also other ATIS publications, based on captured documents and interrogations, such as Advanced Echelon Reports, Philippine Series Translations, and Interrogation Spot Reports. Allied planners believed that the two beaches were connected by a road, and that another road suitable for vehicle traffic ran inland towards Lake Sentani. [39] This operation had no effect on the Japanese, as the air units were being held in reserve for a planned major attack on American naval forces in the Central Pacific. In the early months of 1944, both at Bougainville and at Rabaul, large numbers of Japanese troops were effectively put out of action without being confronted in bloody combat. The documents were then sent on to ATIS, SWPA, for final examination. In addition, their bomb bays were filled with 500-pound bombs to be used in the newly devised practice of skip bombing. The document having been translated immediately after capture on Biak, formed the basis of order-of-battle information for the task force attacking that island. It was recognized that before an invasion of the Japanese home islands became possible it would be necessary to undertake extensive aerial bombardment of the islands and cut Japans lines of communications to the Dutch East Indies and Malaya. 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