1517. What old December's bareness every where! Still, as Penn observes, the national sense of relief in 1509 was palpable. "King Henry VII" redirects here. The purpose of the agreement was to prevent France from annexing Brittany. Four good reasons to indulge in cryptocurrency! In 1407, Henry IV, Gaunt's son by his first wife, issued new Letters Patent confirming the legitimacy of his half-siblings but also declaring them ineligible for the throne. [4] Owen is said to have secretly married the widow of Henry V, Catherine of Valois. Together, they had seven children. But Henry had a crucial asset: his queen and their children, the living embodiment of his hoped-for dynasty. He had brought the country to the brink of dynastic ambition, but not quite, so his closest advisers kept his death secret until St Georges Day, the annual meeting of the Order of the Garter. Effectively an orphan, he had spent wretched years as a fugitive in Brittany. Henry VII was the King of England and Lord of Ireland from his seizure of the crown on 22 August 1485 to his death. 7.1 59min 2013 16+. - and that was only about 50% of the book, it was only about 50% interesting to me. Swynford was Gaunt's mistress for about 25 years. He invited artists, musicians and scholars to live at his court. According to John M. Currin, the treaty redefined Anglo-Breton relations. [citation needed] Nonetheless, by 1483 Henry was the senior male Lancastrian claimant remaining after the deaths in battle, by murder or execution of Henry VI (son of Henry V and Catherine of Valois), his son Edward of Westminster, Prince of Wales, and the other Beaufort line of descent through Lady Margaret's uncle, Edmund Beaufort, 2nd Duke of Somerset. Catherine's mother Isabella I of Castile had died and Catherine's sister Joanna had succeeded her; Catherine was, therefore, daughter of only one reigning monarch and so less desirable as a spouse for Henry VII's heir-apparent. He spent money lavishly, held big parties. To be notified of special offers, news, new courses, and new tutors, please subscribe to our newsletter. It is not known precisely where Cabot landed, but he was eventually rewarded with a pension from the king; it is presumed that Cabot perished at sea after a later unsuccessful expedition. The country was in a perpetual state of emergency and Henrys subjects were scared and resentful. The portly Henry VIII, and the ill-fated destinies of most of his six wives, is one of the first historical figures primary-aged pupils are aware of.. [citation needed] John Cabot, originally from Genoa and Venice, had heard that ships from Bristol had discovered uncharted new found territory far west of Ireland. Henry VIII - Tudor History The fact that a Cockney could provide a recognisable representation of him gives away part of his enduring appeal; in national memory, Henry was one of the lads, the only English king to have. 'Meeting between Francis I and Henry VIII at the Field of Cloth of Gold on 7 June 1520,' a painting by Friedrich August Bouterwek. That was to prevent the King of France capturing him and letting him loose on the English as a rival. [10] A contemporary writer and Henry's biographer, Bernard Andr, also made much of Henry's Welsh descent. [citation needed], During his lifetime the nobility often criticised Henry VII for re-centralizing power in London, and later the 16th-century historian Francis Bacon was ruthlessly critical of the methods by which he enforced tax law, but it is equally true that Henry VII was diligent about keeping detailed records of his personal finances, down to the last halfpenny;[71] these and one account book detailing the expenses of his queen survive in the British National Archives, as do accounts of courtiers and many of the king's own letters. The 17 year-old Prince Henry became King Henry VIII and started a different era. He led attempted invasions of Ireland in 1491 and England in 1495, and persuaded James IV of Scotland to invade England in 1496. At the same time, Flemish merchants were ejected from England. He is credited with many administrative, economic and diplomatic initiatives. That is, suspicious, insecure and crafty but also determined, patient and fiercely proud of his Lancastrian ancestry. Henry was devastated. Henry VIII - Loss of popularity | Britannica - Encyclopedia Britannica When Richard III became King, Henrys strategy, planned by Margaret Beaufort, the mother whom he had not seen for years, was to declare in public, in Brittanys Rennes Cathedral, that he would marry Edward IVs daughter Elizabeth, then in sanctuary with her mother, and thus bury the enmity between Lancaster and York by making her his queen. His claim to the throne was precarious and he wanted to portray Richard . He was the first monarch of the House of Tudor. Henry had only been accepted as King because the Princes in the Tower, the sons of Edward IV, were dead, so when Yorkist exiles groomed Perkin Warbeck to pose as one of the princes and raised an army it was a huge threat. [33], In 1490, a young Fleming, Perkin Warbeck, appeared and claimed to be Richard of Shrewsbury, the younger of the "Princes in the Tower". He was, said Penn, a man who never knew a moments peace during his reign. Henry, son of Edmund Tudor, earl of Richmond, and Margaret Beaufort, was born nearly three months after his fathers death. His biographer, Professor Chrimes, credits him even before he had become king with "a high degree of personal magnetism, ability to inspire confidence, and a growing reputation for shrewd decisiveness". Its goals, relentlessly pursued until Henry's death in 1509, were the establishment of a royal house, the elimination of opposition, and the steady accumulation of power and wealth. Get help and learn more about the design. [citation needed] The first was the 1486 rebellion of the Stafford brothers, abetted by Viscount Lovell, which collapsed without fighting. Early life He entertained thoughts of remarriage to renew the alliance with Spain Joanna, Dowager Queen of Naples (a niece of Queen Isabella of Castile), Queen Joanna of Castile, and Margaret, Dowager Duchess of Savoy (sister-in-law of Joanna of Castile), were all considered. In 1621 Francis Bacon's history of the reign called Henry "a dark prince, and infinitely suspicious". Its goals, relentlessly pursued until Henry's death in 1509, were the establishment of a royal house, the elimination of opposition, and the steady accumulation of power and wealth. Through luck, guile and ruthlessness, Henry VII, the first of the Tudor kings, had clambered to the top of the heap--a fugitive with a flimsy claim to England's throne. Quite ambitious in nature, Thomas Penn attempts to write a portrait of Henry VII and his reign. In turn, Antwerp became an extremely important trade entrept (transshipment port), through which, for example, goods from the Baltic, spices from the east and Italian silks were exchanged for English cloth. The nobility was forced into bonds, legal agreements that they would act as the King wanted or be fined. The Merchant Adventurers, the company which enjoyed the monopoly of the Flemish wool trade, relocated from Antwerp to Calais. In 1622 Francis Bacon published his History of the Reign of King Henry VII. Supported at one time or another by France, by Maximilian I of Austria, regent of the Netherlands (Holy Roman emperor from 1493), by James IV of Scotland, and by powerful men in both Ireland and England, Perkin three times invaded England before he was captured at Beaulieu in Hampshire in 1497. The father's government was an exercise in discoloration. In 1837 Henry VIII's tomb was eventually marked in the chapel with a commemorative marble slab. This book was way too focused on what happened, but not so much on the why or why it was important. It was a fantastic programme and I highly recommend Thomas Penns book on Henry VII Winter King. Penn explained how Henry reworked recent events to suit him. From 1527 Henry pursued what became known as "the King's great matter": his divorce from Catherine. Stephens, "affords some illustrations of the avaricious and parsimonious character of the king". [16] With money and supplies borrowed from his host, Francis II of Brittany, Henry tried to land in England, but his conspiracy unravelled resulting in the execution of his primary co-conspirator, Henry Stafford, 2nd Duke of Buckingham. The whole system was ingeniously designed to ensure the unchallenged supremacy of the king while stamping out any challenges to his authority from the nobles, merchants, and commons. BBC - History - Henry VIII: Majesty with Menace Four different kinds of cryptocurrencies you should know. Henry VIII, (born June 28, 1491, Greenwich, near London, Englanddied January 28, 1547, London), king of England (1509-47) who presided over the beginnings of the English Renaissance and the English Reformation. He was probably baptised at St Mary's Church, Pembroke,[1] though no documentation of the event exists. [21], Henry devised a plan to seize the throne by engaging Richard quickly because Richard had reinforcements in Nottingham and Leicester. There's a lot of cloak-and-dagger stuff here, something Henry and certain of his counselors seemed especially skilled at, and it was those parts that I particularly enjoyed. Henry VII. The Winter King HD - YouTube (ROYAL HISTORY) Directors Stuart Elliott Genres Documentary, International Subtitles English [CC] Audio languages English. Why was Henry VII called the "Winter King"? - Quora There are an awful lot of books written about the Tudor era, both fiction and non-fiction, so you have to ask whether this book adds anything new. Winter King: The Dawn of Tudor England by Thomas Penn - review [64] This made Henry VII's second son, Henry, Duke of York, heir apparent to the throne. Martin Luther 95 thesis. Henry was also worried by the treason of Edmund de la Pole, earl of Suffolk, the eldest surviving son of Edward IVs sister Elizabeth, who fled to the Netherlands (1499) and was supported by Maximilian. I'm beginning to wonder if all of the kings beginning with the conquest weren't a little off their rocker in some way. I thought the book was well written, even though a bit dry is spots. He was the first Tudor king after defeating Richard III at the Battle of Bosworth in August 1485. He was the last king of England to win his throne on the field of battle. One of their sons was Edmund, Henry's father. Watch Henry VII: The Winter King | Prime Video - amazon.com His legacy was his son, Henry VIII, lucky old England Penn commented. This definitely was not that. Through this, he found that his Lord Chamberlain, Sir William Stanley, was involved in the plot. [citation needed], Henry also made some political capital out of his Welsh ancestry in attracting military support and safeguarding his army's passage through Wales on its way to the Battle of Bosworth. Yet Henry's techniques of power went beyond the needs of surveillance and survival. It was presented by historian Thomas Penn, author of Winter King and was an excellent examination of the King who, as Penn pointed out, tend to be eclipsed by Richard III, the glamour and notoriety of Henry VIII and the charisma of Elizabeth I. It's difficult to get a handle on Henry VII. Warbeck was finally captured in 1497 and executed. Herbert was captured fighting for the Yorkists and executed by Warwick. Claire is going live on YouTube on 11 February! He also enacted laws against livery and maintenance, the great lords' practice of having large numbers of "retainers" who wore their lord's badge or uniform and formed a potential private army. How like a winter hath my absence been From thee, the pleasure of the fleeting year! After obtaining the dispensation, Henry had second thoughts about the marriage of his son and Catherine. He had unified the kingdom, accrued immense wealth and created the most notorious dynasty in English history: the Tudors. Elizabeth married Henry after his victory at the Battle of Bosworth Field, which marked the end of the Wars of the Roses. Having seen it pop up in a lot of papers' Books of the Year lists, I think I was expecting something altogether more gripping and dramatic, but in the end I thought the story of Henry VII and the Tudor succession was just not an especially thrilling tale. At Rennes Cathedral on Christmas Day 1483, Henry pledged to marry Elizabeth of York, the eldest daughter of Edward IV. Life at court was merry under Henry 8th, a fresh new beginning likened to springtime. This was excellent. Henry's mother, Margaret Beaufort, was a descendant of the Lancastrian branch of the House of Plantagenet. Wow, it was like being battered by facts without remission for good intentions. Gaunt's nephew Richard II legitimised Gaunt's children by Swynford by Letters Patent in 1397. In the late 20th century a model of European state formation was prominent in which Henry less resembles Louis and Ferdinand. [citation needed], In 1506, Grand Master of the Knights Hospitaller Emery d'Amboise asked Henry VII to become the protector and patron of the Order, as he had an interest in the crusade. To unite the opponents of Richard III, Henry had promised to marry Elizabeth of York, eldest daughter of Edward IV; and the coalition of Yorkists and Lancastrians continued, helped by French support, since Richard III talked of invading France. About Press Copyright Contact us Creators Advertise Developers Terms Privacy Policy & Safety How YouTube works Test new features NFL Sunday Ticket Press Copyright . Anne Boleyn | Biography, Children, Portrait, Death, & Facts - Britannica [32], Next, in 1487, Yorkists led by Lincoln rebelled in support of Lambert Simnel, a boy they claimed to be Edward of Warwick (who was actually a prisoner in the Tower). Why was Henry VII called the Winter King? - AnswersAll His dynasty was hanging by a thread and all his hopes had to rest on his youngest son, Henry, and Elizabeth of York producing another son, a spare. The Great Debasement - Wikipedia Elizabeth did get pregnant, but then went into premature labour. Rarely was a father's reign so widely disparaged and disowned on the accession of the son. Omissions? Musings on History - Henry VII - Learn for Pleasure It was 1501. [57], In 1506, Henry extorted the Treaty of Windsor from Philip the Handsome, Duke of Burgundy. Iain Hollingshead reviews Henry VII: Winter King, a BBC Two documentary which examines how the first Tudor monarch came to power and went on to have a 23-year reign. [6] Henry IV's action was of doubtful legality, as the Beauforts were previously legitimised by an Act of Parliament, but it weakened Henry's claim. [citation needed], Henry's most successful diplomatic achievement as regards the economy was the Magnus Intercursus ("great agreement") of 1496. His younger brother, Jasper Tudor, the Earl of Pembroke, undertook to protect Edmund's widow Margaret, who was 13 years old when she gave birth to Henry. Henry VII was born on 28 January 1457 at Pembroke Castle, in the English-speaking portion of Pembrokeshire known as Little England beyond Wales. The first rising, that of Lord Lovell, Richard IIIs chamberlain, in 1486 was ill-prepared and unimportant, but in 1487 came the much more serious revolt of Lambert Simnel. [24][17][25] He was 29 years old, she was 20. Henry, recognizing that Simnel had been a mere dupe, employed him in the royal kitchens. These laws were used shrewdly in levying fines upon those that he perceived as threats. Henry VII was succeeded by his second son, Henry VIII. A fresh look at the endlessly fascinating Tudorsthe dramatic and overlooked story of Henry VII and his founding of the Tudor Dynastyfilled with spies, plots, counterplots, and an uneasy royal succession to Henry VIII. To strengthen his position, however, he subsidised shipbuilding, so strengthening the navy (he commissioned Europe's first ever and the world's oldest surviving dry dock at Portsmouth in 1495) and improving trading opportunities. The treaty marks a shift from neutrality over the French invasion of Brittany to active intervention against it. Thus, the two warring houses were joined in marriage. [47], Henry VII's policy was to maintain peace and to create economic prosperity. Penn showed a genealogical roll that had belonged to the de la Pole family which showed Henry VI being the end of the Lancastrian line and the Yorkist line continuing on to Richard III. If you are new the era, this wouldn't the first book I would pick up because it does flip flop around a bit in the beginning-but if you want to understand the players that ultimately have a significant impact on Henry VIII, this is the book for you. When they married in 1396 they already had four children, including Henry's great-grandfather John Beaufort. With the English economy heavily invested in wool production, Henry VII became involved in the alum trade in 1486. Luther made a protest against the Catholic practice of Indulgences. Today is Shrove Tuesday time for pancakes! BBC Two - Henry VII: The Winter King, Backdating Henry's Reign He had, Bacon added, much to be suspicious about, "his times" being "full of secret conspiracies and troubles". Henry decided to keep Brittany out of French hands, signed an alliance with Spain to that end, and sent 6,000 troops to France. The research was thorough and it was presented well and kept me engaged. Some of it is due to his personality--he played his cards close to the vest, unlike his son--and some of it is due to Tudor spin--they were, after all trying to bolster up the royal credentials for a man who didn't have that many. [67], Henry made half-hearted plans to remarry and beget more heirs, but these never came to anything. You can find out more on the conflicts between England and France, the Wars of the Roses and also the Tudors in our history courses. The usurpation of Richard III (1483), however, split the Yorkist party and gave Henry his opportunity. [citation needed] Henry also formed an alliance with Holy Roman Emperor Maximilian I (14931519) and persuaded Pope Innocent VIII to issue a papal bull of excommunication against all pretenders to Henry's throne. ||sitemap_index.xml On one side of the coin, instead of a profile of his face, there was a full length depiction of Henry sat on his throne with his crown and sceptre. They were third cousins, as both were great-great-grandchildren of John of Gaunt. [45], Henry VII established the pound avoirdupois as a standard of weight; it later became part of the Imperial[46] and customary systems of units. Penn went on to show Henry VIIs wax funeral effigy, which I saw on my recent trip to London, and which shows his fine-boned features and his crooked eye, but also a face bearing the signs of stress and illness. On the other side of the coin, instead of the cross, was a Tudor rose and the arms of England. In my never-ending quest to read possibly every single published book on the Tudor monarchy, I spied this little gem a few weeks ago and picked it up. Henry VII was also shown, but his black line just traced back to Owen Tudor, a chamber servant. This family took a dim view of Henry and it was John de la Pole, Earl of Lincoln, who instigated the first rebellion against him. ||Wordpress installation and design by http://www.MadeGlobal.com, FREE Anne Boleyn [citation needed] Henry Tudors claim to the throne was, therefore, weak and of no importance until the deaths in 1471 of Henry VIs only son, Edward, of his own two remaining kinsmen of the Beaufort line, and of Henry VI himself, which suddenly made Henry Tudor the sole surviving male with any ancestral claim to the house of Lancaster. By subscribing you confirm that you have read and agree to the Privacy Policy [opens in new window] and the Terms & Conditions [opens in new window]. Hidden under the floor in St George's Chapel in Windsor, England where thousands of people walk every day, a forgotten tomb lies. I thought the way he controled the nobility was fascinating - keeping them in check as well a raising vast sums of money at the same time. Royal Collection Trust At the summit, even dinnerware testified to its owner's status. Claiming the throne by just title of inheritance and by the judgment of God in battle, he was crowned on October 30 and secured parliamentary recognition of his title early in November. This is why he named the book the "Winter King". After his victory at Bosworth Field, Henry married Edward IV's daughter Elizabeth of York. He took care not to address the baronage or summon Parliament until after his coronation, which took place in Westminster Abbey on 30 October 1485. He cemented his claim by marrying Elizabeth of York, daughter of King Edward IV. Detailed Information. Encyclopaedia Britannica's editors oversee subject areas in which they have extensive knowledge, whether from years of experience gained by working on that content or via study for an advanced degree. France, Burgundy, the Holy Roman Empire, Spain and the Hanseatic League all rejected the treaty, which was never in force. Henry VII, also called (1457-85) Henry Tudor, earl of Richmond, (born January 28, 1457, Pembroke Castle, Pembrokeshire, Walesdied April 21, 1509, Richmond, Surrey, England), king of England (1485-1509), who succeeded in ending the Wars of the Roses between the houses of Lancaster and York and founded the Tudor dynasty. Based on the terms of the accord, Henry sent 6000 troops to fight (at the expense of Brittany) under the command of Lord Daubeney. [75], Henry VII died of tuberculosis at Richmond Palace on 21 April 1509 and was buried in the chapel he commissioned in Westminster Abbey next to his wife, Elizabeth. Sonnet XCVII - Massachusetts Institute of Technology [34], When the King's agents searched the property of William Stanley (Chamberlain of the Household, with direct access to Henry VII) they found a bag of coins amounting to around 10,000 and a collar of livery with Yorkist garnishings. He had gone from a refugee landing on an isolated beach in Wales to being a great king. At any rate, the Wars of the Roses had ended with a victory by which the winner took all, and regardless of his somewhat dubious Plantagenet ancestry. "[73] Further compounding Henry's distress, his older daughter Margaret had previously been betrothed to King James IV of Scotland and within months of her mother's death she had to be escorted to the border by her father: he would never see her again. Why is Henry VIII's Tomb So Small When His Life Was So Very Opulent? [11] When Edward IV became King in 1461, Jasper Tudor went into exile abroad. Henry reigned for nearly 24 years and was peacefully succeeded by his son, Henry VIII. [42], The capriciousness and lack of due process that indebted many would tarnish his legacy and were soon ended upon Henry VII's death, after a commission revealed widespread abuses. Thomas More hailed the end of "slavery" and the return of "liberty", "the end of sadness, the beginning of joy". Overspending by Henry VIII to pay for his lavish lifestyle and to fund foreign wars with France and Scotland are cited as . Luther gained support for his ideas and Europe became . [50] Henry had pressured the French by laying siege to Boulogne in October 1492. For inheriting an unstable throne, holding it for 25 year and leaving England relatively stable, Henry VII deserves his own biography and a lot more credit. Consultant editor for the. Henry was building a myth, the idea that he and his family were the true royal blood of England. [citation needed], After 1503, records show the Tower of London was never again used as a royal residence by Henry VII, and all royal births under Henry VIII took place in palaces. Let us know if you have suggestions to improve this article (requires login). Penn pointed out that for over half a century no king had passed on the crown without turmoil and Henry knew that what had happened to Richard could happen to him. There he claimed sanctuary until the envoys were forced to depart. (1): (April 24, 1883. He died shortly afterwards in Carmarthen Castle. Only through the deaths of more obvious claimants, and after the accession of Richard III in 1483, when Henry was 26, did he become a leading candidate. Many influential Yorkists had been dispossessed and disappointed by the change of regime, and there had been so many reversals of fortune within living memory that the decision of Bosworth did not appear necessarily final. Stanley was accused of supporting Warbeck's cause, arrested and later executed. Most often asked questions related to bitcoin. [55] Since alum was mined in only one area in Europe (Tolfa, Italy), it was a scarce commodity and therefore especially valuable to its land holder, the Pope. Henry VII was king of England from 1485 to 1509. [3] Henry's paternal grandfather, Owen Tudor, originally from the Tudors of Penmynydd, Isle of Anglesey in Wales, had been a page in the court of King Henry V. He rose to become one of the "Squires to the Body to the King" after military service at the Battle of Agincourt. Henry had only been accepted as King because the Princes in the Tower, the sons of Edward IV, were dead, so when Yorkist exiles groomed Perkin Warbeck to pose as one of the princes and raised an army it was a huge threat. Even if the king outfaced his enemies in his lifetime, would they not forestall a Tudor succession? [76] He was succeeded by his second son, Henry VIII (reigned 150947), who would initiate the Protestant Reformation in England. Henry VII: Winter King - A Review and Rundown - The Anne Boleyn Files Indeed he was born in winter, on January 28th 1457, in Pembroke Castle, in Wales and that is one of the reasons why the Welsh dragon always formed part of his insignia. MP3 CD. Alison Weir points out that the Rennes ceremony, two years earlier, was plausible only if Henry and his supporters were certain that the Princes were already dead. The future Henry VIII, in contrast,. Henry VII (28 January 1457 - 21 April 1509) was King of England from his seizure of the crown on 22 August 1485 until his death in 1509. However, as France was becoming more concerned with the Italian Wars, the French were happy to agree to the Treaty of Etaples. Why was Henry VII called the Winter King? His host was Francis, the Duke of Brittany, who saw Henry Tudor as a pawn in the game between Edward VI and the King of France. So 4 stars. Years of instability, factionalism and his predecessors' penchant for war had seen royal finances severely battered. [15], By 1483, Henry's mother was actively promoting him as an alternative to Richard III, despite her being married to Lord Stanley, a Yorkist. [citation needed], To secure his hold on the throne, Henry declared himself king by right of conquest retroactively from 21 August 1485, the day before Bosworth Field. If Penn's interpretation can sometimes seem slanted, its exposition would be hard to over-praise. Both were survivors and as united in death as in life, as their tomb in Westminster Abbey illustrates. Amateur historians Bertram Fields and Sir Clements Markham have claimed that he may have been involved in the murder of the Princes in the Tower, as the repeal of Titulus Regius gave the Princes a stronger claim to the throne than his own. The author does a good job drawing on his sources and bringing the characters to life while staying true to the history, but the subject matter is just not inherently as sexy as Henry VIIIs or Elizabeth Is reigns.