Recent studies of midair collisions determined that: Flight instructors were onboard the aircraft in 37 percent of the accidents in the study, Most of the aircraft involved in collisions are engaged in recreational flying not on any type of flight plan, Most midair collisions occur in VFR weather conditions during weekend daylight hours, The vast majority of accidents occurred at or near nontowered airports and at altitudes below 1,000 feet, Pilots of all experience levels were involved in midair collisions, from pilots on their first solo, to 20,000 hour veterans, Most collisions occur in daylight with visibility greater than 3 miles, It is imperative to introduce 14 CFR section 91.113 "Right-of-way" rules to the student. related purposes as ordering galley supplies and confirming passenger Generally speaking, complex operations tend to induce fatigue more rapidly than simpler procedures do, regardless of the physical effort involved. When students begin flight training, they bring with them their interests, enthusiasms, fears, and troubles. captain should also inform the flight attendants how they can determine if the A student who is airsick or bothered with incipient airsickness is incapable of learning at a normal rate. the aircraft was slightly off course and flying at an altitude of 560 indicated that the pilot was having a conversation with a passenger who The regulations are carefully worded to apportion the responsibility of keeping the cockpit "sterile." Portale di Economia e Finanza. Communication is the key. it clearly defines when it is time to set aside non-essential activities and Some circumstances, such as the time available to make a decision, may be beyond the pilots control. Copyright 2023 CFI Notebook, All rights reserved. However, at a minimum, the instructor needs to cite the appropriate 14 CFR part 61 section that has been completed, FAA inspectors and DPEs rely on flight instructor recommendations as evidence of qualification for certification, and proof that a review has been given of the subject areas found to be deficient on the appropriate knowledge test. of air carrier accidents and serious incidents, the traveling public feels the If fuel quantity is lower than expected on a cross-country flight, the priority can shift from making a scheduled arrival time at the destination, to locating a nearby airport to refuel. By following these teaching guidelines, the student is better equipped to properly execute landings when he or she solos. Keep all radio communications to a minimum. Keep the sterile cockpit "clean." It also provides methods flight instructors can teach students to use practical risk management tools and discusses how to evaluate student decision-making. As little extraneous activity as possible should be included in the demonstration if students are to clearly understand that the instructor is accurately performing the actions previously explained. environment. [Figure 8-6], Flight instructors should always guard the controls and be prepared to take control of the aircraft. However, in an emergency situation when action needs be taken quickly, time may not be available to contact ATC immediately. Students reluctant to use checklists can be reminded that pilots at all levels of experience refer to checklists, and that the more advanced the aircraft is, the more crucial checklists become. Checklists should be performed well in advance so there is time to focus on traffic and ATC instructions. When the pilot becomes task saturated, there is no awareness of inputs from various sources; decisions may be made on incomplete information, and the possibility of error increases. while the aircraft is involved in taxi, takeoff, landing, and all other flight It is difficult for students to learn a maneuver properly if they seldom have the opportunity to correct an error, On the other hand, students may perform a procedure or maneuver correctly and not fully understand the principles and objectives involved. For this type of instruction to be fully effective, the use of instrument references should begin the first time each new maneuver is introduced. The instructor must quickly evaluate the students need for help, and not hesitate to take control, if required. An assessment should provide direction and guidance to raise the level of performance. With every complex human endeavor, it is necessary to master the basics if the whole task is to be performed competently and safely. The second activity is the instructors supervision, Student performance requires students to act and do. Creating the impression of talking down to the student is one of the fastest ways for an instructor to lose student confidence and attention. A good time to establish the desire the gross rent multiplier uses quizlet. As defined in the regulation, critical phases of flight are all ground operations involving taxi, takeoff, and landing, and all other flight operations below 10,000 feet except cruise flight. When the aircraft was fueled the following morning, 60 gallons of fuel were required to fill the 62-gallon capacity tanks. As a pilot gains experience, he or she will develop a consistent roll-in and roll-out technique for various types of turns. Remember, below 10,000 feet if it's not directly Instill importance of "see and avoid" in the student, During landingconduct stabilized approaches, maintain desired airspeed on final, demonstrate good judgment for go-arounds, wake turbulence, traffic, and terrain avoidance. Keeping the flight deck well ventilated aids in dissipating excess heat, Students can become apathetic when they recognize that the instructor has made inadequate preparations for the instruction being given, or when the instruction appears to be deficient, contradictory, or insincere. As she proceeds to the airport, she continues to monitor groundspeed, aircraft performance, and weather conditions to ensure no additional steps need to be taken to guarantee the safety of the flight, It is important to stress to a student that being familiar with the decision-making process does not ensure he or she has the good judgment to be a safe pilot. they lost their landing sequence, and the pilot's pride was hurt. a very fine elucidation. No person about to undergo major cockpit needs to be cleaned up. When this occurs, the instructor should be prepared to schedule additional training, Positive exchange of flight controls is an integral part of flight training. operations conducted below 10,000 feet MSL, except cruise flight. (c) For the purposes of this section, critical phases of flight includes all ground operations involving taxi, takeoff and landing, and all other flight operations conducted below 10,000 feet, except cruise flight. Two reports demonstrated that a cockpit It is important for the demonstration to conform to the explanation as closely as possible. While these pressures may exist in the workplace, students may also experience the same type of stress regarding their flight training schedule. A successful CFI points out the potential for the behavior and teaches the student the antidote for that attitude. She now considers the expected outcome of each possible action and assesses the risks involved. When a flight crew's Maintain coordinated flight by applying rudder in the direction of the turn, Remember, the ailerons control the roll rate, as well as the angle of bank. The most effective training is the simulation of scenarios that can lead to inadvertent stalls by creating distractions while the student is practicing certain maneuvers. Psychological problems such as financial, home life, or job-related stresses cause a lack of qualified rest that is only solved by mitigating the underlying problems before the fatigue is solved. The FAA holds him or her accountable. area, the Captain in the following report called on the company radio frequency The habitual attention to instrument indications leads to improved landings because of more precise airspeed control. In Europe the Sterile Cockpit concept is addressed byEU-OPS 1.085paragraph (f)(9) although in less explicit terms than the FAR: The commander shallnot permit any crew member to perform any activity during take-off, initial climb, final approach and landing except those duties required for the safe operation of the aeroplane; Regardless of regulation, many operators have chosen voluntarily to apply similar rules within their company. Then, the instructor adds unforeseen circumstances such as a sudden change in weather that brings excessive winds during final approach. If a recovery is necessary, there is absolutely nothing to be gained by having the student on the controls and having to fight for control of the aircraft. In 1981 For example, when en route, the student can be asked to explain the actions that need to be taken during the approach to the airport. In many districts, the board has delegated authority to an administrator or third party to hear the expulsion case. In assessing the ability of a student, the instructor initially determines if he or she understands the procedure or maneuver. disobeying the rule is not intentional. Traditionally, pilots have been well trained to react to emergencies, but are not as well prepared to make decisions, which require a more reflective response. of the reports in our data set. When pointing out areas that need improvement, offer concrete suggestions that help. Students must understand the purpose of the assessment; otherwise, they will be unlikely to accept the evaluation offered and little improvement will result. If the flight instructor has trained and prepared the applicant competently, the applicant should have no problem passing the practical test, A flight instructor who fails to ensure a student meets the requirements of regulations prior to endorsing solo flight or additional rating exhibits a serious deficiency in performance. If students are exposed to ATC as much as possible during training, they feel confident asking controllers to clarify instructions and are better equipped to use ATC as a resource for assistance in unusual circumstances or emergencies, Throughout training, students can be asked to identify internal and external resources, which can be used in a variety of flight situations. Truly, the sterile The first noticeable effect of dehydration is fatigue, which in turn makes top physical and mental performance difficult, if not impossible. To ensure the solo flight is a positive, confidence-building experience for the student, the flight instructor needs to consider time of day when scheduling the flight. (b) No flight crewmember may engage in, nor may any pilot in command permit, any activity during a critical phase of flight which could distract any flight crewmember from the performance of his or her duties or which could interfere in any way with the proper conduct of those duties. procedures for this, such as a "10,000 foot PA announcement," or a Most illnesses adversely affect the acuteness of vision, hearing, and feeling, all of which are essential to correct performance, Airsickness can be a great deterrent to flight instruction. In the process of explaining the maneuver as the instructor performs it, perceptions begin to develop into insights. It is important the flight instructor not only teach the concept of a sterile cockpit, but also model such behavior during flight instruction, National Transportation Safety Board (NTSB) statistics reveal that most stall/spin accidents occurred when the pilots attention was diverted from the primary task of flying the aircraft. It states that: "No flight crew member may perform any duties during a critical phase of flight not required for . When becoming overloaded, the student should stop, think, slow down, and prioritize. Some POHs call for mixture to be enriched during an emergency descent, but what if the powerplant is engulfed in flames? With the advent of electronic checklists, it has become easier to develop and maintain personal checklists from the manufacturers checklist with additions for specific aircraft and operations, In addition, the AFM/POH, which is required to be carried onboard the aircraft, is essential for accurate flight planning and for resolving inflight equipment malfunctions. communications between the cabin and cockpit crews, and reading publications The report cited the pilot and co-pilot for poor With the increased use of two-crew member cockpits this consideration is increasingly The sterile cockpit rule is a good rule because SRM is the art and science of managing all resources (both onboard the aircraft and from outside sources) available to a single pilot (prior and during flight) to ensure the successful outcome of the flight, These key principles are often collectively called ADM. 10,000 feet, except cruise flight. However, the telling-and-doing technique includes specific variations for flight instruction. Students need to know not only what they will learn, but also how they will learn itthat is, how the lesson will proceed and how they will be evaluated. This may be done by frequent review of new periodicals and technical publications, personal contacts with FAA inspectors and designated pilot examiners (DPE), and by participation in pilot and flight instructor clinics. In addition, their motivation suffers no matter how intent they are on learning to fly. to maintain a sterile cockpit environment is before beginning a trip. For more information on how to reduce the odds of becoming involved in a midair collision, see www.faa.gov/about/office_org/headquarters_offices/ato/tracon/anchorage/pilots_info/mca/, Assessment is an essential component of the teaching process and determines how, what, and how well a student is learning. Before endorsing a student for solo flight, the instructor should require the student to demonstrate consistent ability to perform all of the fundamental maneuvers, Instructors should teach students how to solve ordinary problems encountered during flight. In military transport operations, a similar philosophy is applied from "combat entry" to "combat exit". To hold the students interest and to maintain the motivation necessary for efficient learning, well-planned, appropriate, and accurate instruction must be provided. Also associated with pilot skill evaluations during flight training are the stage checks conducted in FAA-approved school courses and the practical tests for pilot certificates and ratings, In assessing piloting ability, it is important for the flight instructor to keep the student informed of progress. The student is not only learning to do something, but he or she is also learning a self-teaching process that is highly desirable in development of a skill, The exact procedures that the instructor should use during student practice depends on factors such as the students proficiency level, the type of maneuver, and the stage of training. to notify maintenance about a minor cabin discrepancy. In an emergency, this ability could save the pilots life and those of the passengers, During the conduct of integrated flight training, the flight instructor must emphasize to the students that the introduction to the use of flight instruments does not prepare them for operations in marginal weather or instrument meteorological conditions (IMC). the performance of his or her duties or which could interfere in any way [Figure 8-1] The application of outmoded instructional procedures or the preparation of students using obsolete certification requirements is inexcusable. What is a 'sterile cockpit'. suggestion following an altitude deviation. In addition, it should be demonstrated in the same sequence in which it was explained so as to avoid confusion and provide reinforcement. It is easy to determine whether an error is induced by a misconception or by a simple lack of motor skills. As discussed in the section on flight instructor qualifications, instructors must be familiar with the components of each aircraft in which they instruct to ensure students understand the operation of the equipment, Checklists are essential flight deck resources for verifying that the aircraft instruments and systems are checked, set, and operating properly, as well as ensuring that the proper procedures are performed if there is a system malfunction or inflight emergency. Commonly known as the "sterile cockpit rule," these regulations Since flight instructors are a critical part of the aviation safety system, this chapter introduces system safetyaeronautical decision-making (ADM), risk management, situational awareness, and single-pilot resource management (SRM)in the modern flight training environment. as "movement of an airplane under its own power on the surface of taxi, takeoff and landing, and all other flight operations conducted below Fortunately I've received some help this month. On the other hand, if a student is progressing normally, the instructor should avoid unnecessary interruptions or too much assistance, A typical test of how much control is needed often occurs during a students first few attempts to land an aircraft. conversation" does not always have to imply just those persons on board For example, locating an item on a chart or setting a radio frequency may be delegated to another pilot or passenger, an autopilot (if available) may be used, or ATC may be enlisted to provide assistance, This chapter discussed the demonstration-performance and telling-and-doing training delivery methods of flight instruction, SBT techniques, practical strategies flight instructors can use to enhance their instruction, integrated flight instruction, positive exchange of flight controls, use of distractions, obstacles to learning encountered during flight training, and how to evaluate students. shows, the consequences of non-compliance can be very serious. full of sight-seeing crew members is an ASRS report looking for a place to happen By explaining a specific maneuver in greater detail or offering some additional encouragement, the instructor may be able to alleviate some of the students stress, To help students manage the accumulation of life stresses and prevent stress overload, instructors can recommend several techniques. These two dates should be the same, Completion of prerequisites for a practical test is another instructor task that must be documented properly. In addition, avoiding stressful situations and encounters can help pilots cope with stress, To make informed decisions during flight operations, students must be made aware of the resources found both inside and outside the flight deck. Anxious students can be incredibly strong and usually exhibit reactions inappropriate to the situation. Flight Instructors and the Sterile Cockpit Rule These two reports represent the dilemma all flight instructors face when applying the sterile cockpit rule to actual flight instruction. To fully achieve the demonstrated benefits of this type of training, the use of visual and instrument references must be constantly integrated throughout the training. The possible consequences, both to themselves and to others, of experiments with flight operations in weather conditions below visual flight rules (VFR) minimums before they are instrument rated should be constantly impressed on the students. Sterile Cockpit. Instructors can help new students feel comfortable with ATC by encouraging them to take advantage of services, such as flight following and Flight Watch. For that reason, CFIs should encourage each student to learn as much as he or she is capable of and keep raising the bar. Passengers can help watch for traffic and may be able to provide information in an irregular situation, especially if they are familiar with flying. In spite of the existence of the Without resolution, human performance continues to fall off, and judgment becomes impaired so that unwarranted risks may be taken. Now, the student must visualize how he or she will handle the unexpected change, During this visualization, the flight instructor can ask questions to check the students thought processes. they noticed they were in an unplanned formation with a jet landing on the same The purpose of the self-assessment is to stimulate growth in the learners thought processes and, in turn, behaviors. For example, in the event of an engine fire, the pilot initiates an emergency descent. This is dependent on current weather, such as excess winds including crosswinds, Provision is made on the airman certificate or rating application form for the written recommendation of the flight instructor who has prepared the applicant for the practical test involved. Cited one First Officer: The Captain of an air carrier aircraft Hazardous attitudes need to be noticed immediately and corrected with the proper antidote to minimize the potential for any flight hazard, Learning how to recognize and cope with stress is another effective ADM tool. cockpit rider not be allowed to create distractions. The pilots failure to maintain an awareness of the circumstances regarding the flight now becomes the problem. dangerous, but it is illegal, as well. During the postflight evaluation, collaborative assessment is used to evaluate whether certain learning criteria were met during the SBT, Collaborative assessment includes learner self-assessment and a detailed assessment by the aviation instructor. The common thread to the accidents were flight crews distracted from flying by non-essential conversations and activities during . (ACN 173707). Fixating on a problem that does not exist can divert the pilots attention from important tasks. Explanations must be clear, pertinent to the objectives of the particular lesson to be presented, and based on the known experience and knowledge of the students. Nonessential activities include such activities as eating, reading a newspaper, or chatting. The purpose is to determine that applicants possess the skills required to cope with distractions while maintaining the degree of aircraft control required for safe flight. As the student develops immunity, flights can be increased in length until normal flight periods are practicable, Keeping students interested and occupied during flight is a deterrent to airsickness. Aircraft Destroyed. This is true of all flight students, but special handling by the instructor may be required for students who are obviously anxious or uncomfortable, The demonstration-performance training delivery method was discussed briefly in Chapter 4, The Teaching Process, but the following in-depth discussion is geared to the flight instructor. The ability to make effective decisions during flight can be impaired by stress. in a way, the entire 9 hours in a very busy ED is like flying under 10,000 feet. The student who hesitates when prompt action is required, or who makes the decision to not decide, has made a wrong decision. Okay?". The review shows that there are several practical concepts including Crew Resource Management, checklists and readbacks, sterile cockpit, and human factors of fatigue and stress that healthcare . Discouragement and emotional upsets are rare when students feel that nothing is being withheld from them or is being neglected in their training, Physical discomfort, illness, and fatigue will materially slow the rate of learning during both classroom instruction and flight training. call to the flight attendants on the interphone. Postflight critiques should be in a written format, such as notes to aid the flight instructor in covering all areas that were noticed during the flight or lesson. From a broader perspective, the phrase "human factors related" more aptly describes these accidents since it is usually not a single decision that leads to an accident, but a chain of events triggered by a number of factors, The poor judgment chain, or the error chain, describes this concept of contributing factors in a human factors related accident. Instructors can advise students to self-assess to determine their capabilities and limitations and then set realistic goals. Before leaving this phase, the instructor should encourage students to ask questions about any step of the procedure that they do not understand, The instructor must show students the actions necessary to perform a skill. Human Error in Aviation and Legal Process, Stabilised Approach Awareness Toolkit for ATC, Flight Deck Procedures (A Guide for Controllers), International Civil Aviation Organisation (ICAO), "Accident and Incident Reports Show Importance of Sterile Cockpit Compliance". The student should also understand the correct sequence and be aware of safety precautions for each procedure or maneuver. The ability to make effective decisions as PIC depends on a number of factors. ADM training focuses on the decision-making process and the factors that affect a pilots ability to make effective choices, Timely decision-making is an important tool for any pilot. often has cruise altitudes below 10,000 feet MSL, offers a similar worthwhile items totally unrelated to flying. In briefing instructors can demonstrate the sterile cockpit concept by instructors can demonstrate the sterile cockpit concept by. Additional information on recommendations and endorsements can be found in Appendix E, Flight Instructor Endorsements, Remember that students learning is sometimes subject to their environment, Be sure to provide challenges such as crosswinds in training before they see it on their checkride, or potentially worse, as a brand new pilot with passengers.
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