By that time, he was said to be an expert on the many engines, instruments and guns that go into a battleship. Spruance, Raymond A. [31] The series, based on Herman Wouk's book of the same name, shows Spruance's decision to end the battle and retreat rather than confront the rest of the Japanese fleet as having been opposed by his subordinates, and he was mocked behind his back as "lacking the stomach." My mind is blank. After further schooling at the Stevens Preparatory School in New Jersey, Spruance applied to and was accepted by the US Naval Academy in 1903. If this happened, it would enable the Japanese to pinch the Americans between their two carrier forces. Some people asked why he did not take take advantage of the chaotic scene to attack all of Japans air carriers. Fewer than two days before launch from Pearl Harbor, Nimitz's commander of the fleet carrier force, Admiral Halsey, was hospitalized with severe shingles;[10] Halsey immediately recommended Admiral Spruance to Nimitz as his replacement with Admiral Fletcher receiving overall command. Graduating from Annapolis three years later, he served two years at sea before receiving his commission as an ensign on September 13, 1908. That is how the US navy could inflict great damage to the Japanese fleet and aircraft. The carriers were on station on June 2, and the following day Japanese transport ships were spotted 600 miles west of Midway Island. You can find out more about our use, change your default settings, and withdraw your consent at any time with effect for the future by visiting Cookies Settings, which can also be found in the footer of the site. Admiral Ernest J. In May 1942, intelligence suggested that the Japanese were planning on assaulting Midway Island. He was fond of symphonic music, and his tastes were generally simple. Japanese naval force tasked with the invasion of the Aleutian Islands under Vice Admiral Kakuta with aircraft carriers Junyo and Ryuho. Born on 3 July 1886, Spruance graduated from the US Naval Academy in 1906. World War II: Fleet Admiral William Halsey Jr. World War II Pacific: The Japanese Advance Stopped, M.S., Information and Library Science, Drexel University, B.A., History and Political Science, Pennsylvania State University. [7], Spruance ran a quiet bridge, without chit-chat; he demanded that orders be given concisely and clearly. Answer: Admiral Yamamoto had hoped to fight a classic-style sea battle with battleships, but Spruance had proved that the aircraft carrier was now emerging as the capital ship of naval combat forces. His squadron successfully ambushed and sank 3 Japanese Aircraft Carriers, Lieutenant in command of the USS Hornet air group. This article was written by Michael D. Hull and originally appeared in the May 1998 issue of World War II magazine. After Rome fell, the bishop of Constantinople became the most pow He disliked personal publicity and had a reputation for freezing reporters who invaded his privacy. The heavily fortified islands, former British possessions, were of strategic value because of their good landing strips and naval base. Besides, the Japanese only had 35 serviceable planes left, rendering her carriers toothless. This time we were right because the enemy did what we expected him to do. The Battle of Midway was a turning point in the Pacific War. One exception was Admiral John Towers, a constant critic of Spruance, whom Spruance came to despise for his naked ambition.[18]. His father wanted him to go to West Point, but young Raymond yearned to go to sea. He managed to gain an appointment from Indiana to the U.S. The Japanese had been overconfident, and the Americans taught them a bitter lesson. He held that post until the following February, when he was ordered back to the Naval War College at Newportthis time as president. Things did not look hopeful for Spruance and his force on the eve of Midway. The defenders fought fiercely but were unable to inflict any damage on the U.S. vessels. United States airbase targeted by the Japanese in preparation to invade Hawaii. When Nimitz named him commander of the disputed Central Pacific Area, this made him responsible for the planning and execution of the attack on the Gilbert Islands in November 1943. He was promoted to captain in 1932, and the following year he was assigned as chief of staff and aide to the commander of a destroyer scouting force. Fletcher would command Task Force 17, but the task force flag ship, USSYorktown, had been badly damaged at the Battle of the Coral Sea and the formation's other carrier, Lexington, had been sunk, but at Nimitz's behest Yorktown was patched-repaired in "rush" time purposefully to join the Midway operation.[11]. Admiral Yamamoto commanded the combined invasion fleet from aboard his flagship Yamato. In April, Nimitz divided command of the Central Pacific Force between Spruance and Halsey. Official Navy historian Samuel Eliot Morison characterized Spruance's performance as "superb", and he was nicknamed "electric brain" for his calmness even in moments of supreme crisis, a reputation enhanced by his successful tactics. Spruance's first duty assignment was aboard the battleship USSIowa, an 11,400 ton veteran of the SpanishAmerican War. Calm, collected, decisive, yet receptive to advice; keeping in his mind the picture of widely disparate forces, yet boldly seizing every opening. He remained in the position only briefly as he accepted a posting as President of the Naval War College on February 1, 1946. No matter what other people tell you, your decision was correct". Admiral Yamamoto had hoped to fight a classic-style sea battle with battleships, but Spruance had proved that the aircraft carrier was now emerging as the capital ship of naval combat forces. This saw Allied forces move against Okinawa in the Ryukyu Islands. United States Rear Admiral in command of Task Force 17 on the USS Yorktown. At 8:20 a.m., Nagumos observers reported a group of American ships 200 miles away. Despite this, some detractors argued that Spruances tactics at Philippine Sea were overly cautious. This occurred at the same time that Admiral Turner's forces were attacking Eniwetok Atoll in the Marshalls, about 700 miles to the east. United States bombers sank three Japanese ships. Carrier units of his force penetrated waters of the Japanese homeland and Nansei Shoto. The first Japanese airstrike was followed by another. In 1949, naval historian Samuel Eliot Morison noted that Spruance was subjected to criticism for not pursuing the retreating Japanese and allowing the surface fleet to escape. King said to him "Spruance, you did a damn fine job there. On October 16, 1946, the former Secretary of War, Robert P. Patterson, presented the Army Distinguished Service Medal to Admiral Spruance, with citation as follows: Admiral Raymond A. Spruance, U.S. Navy, as Task Force Commander during the capture of the Marshall and Marianas Islands, rendered exceptionally meritorious and distinguished services from January to June 1944. At Midway, Spruance's force inflicted on the Imperial Japanese Navy its worst setback in 350 years. "World War II: Admiral Raymond Spruance." In January 1945, Spruance resumed command of the fleet and began moving against Iwo Jima. Spruance succeeded Fleet Admiral Chester Nimitz as Commander in Chief, U.S. Pacific Fleet and Pacific Ocean Areas in November 1945, a few months after the end of the war. Two minutes later, 37 dive bombers from Enterprise, led by Lt. Cmdr. Historian Samuel Eliot Morison believed he was one of the greatest fighting and thinking admirals in American naval history. Then he returned to the Naval War College as a staff member. Privacy Policy, Admiral Raymond Spruance served in US Navy during. Adding to the surprise factor was the fact that Admirals Yamamoto and Nagumo did not believe the U.S. Pacific Fleet was at sea. A total of 1,132 enemy planes were put out of action. Shortly before leaving the Naval War College and retiring from the Navy on July 1, 1948, Admiral Spruance received a letter of commendation from the secretary of the Navy that read: Your brilliant record of achievement in World War II played a decisive part in our victory in the Pacific. Admiral Chester W. Nimitz called him a fine man, a sterling character, and a great leader, and said, nothing you can say about him would be praise enough. Richmond Kelly Turner and Harry W. Hill and Marine Generals Holland M. Smith and Julian C. Smith. Web. Three bombs hammered her. They would draw them north to deal with a Japanese invasion in the bleak Aleutian Islands, and then strike at unprotected Midway. His next assignment was command of the destroyer Aaron Ward, and then USS Perceval. One commentator said: The quick success of the offensive was attributed to the strategic daring by which Vice Admiral Spruances forces cut behind the eastern chain of the Marshalls. Although there are no options attached we can say the following. [32] Wouk writes in his book that "Spruance escaped [the Japanese fleet admiral] Yamamoto's terrible trap by acting on perfect military instinct. In July 1941, his responsibilities were expanded to include oversight of the Caribbean Sea Frontier. Spruance became a shadowy sort of legend in the Navy. Although some historians and many newsmen have written many words about Admiral Raymond A. Spruance, U.S. Navy and his brilliant career in the Pacific in World War II, the complete story of this reserved and self-effacing man . Grumman F4F-4 Wildcat fighters, Douglas SBD-3 Dauntless dive bombers and Douglas TBD-1 Devastator torpedo bombers thundered off the flight decks and rose to search for the enemy carriers. The setback in the Japanese timetable to encircle the Pacific gave the U.S. industrial machine time to crank up war production, and ultimately, to turn the advantage on Japan in the production of ships, planes, guns, and all the other matriel of war. Japanese aircraft carrier attached to the Main Body of the fleet and saw close to no action. The Indiana War Memorial in Indianapolis has a meeting room named for Spruance as well as displays honoring his career and that of the USS Indianapolis. As the island-hopping campaign began, MacArthur continued his . Yamato class battleship that served as the Japanese Combined Fleet's Flagship, housing Admiral Yamamoto. Retiring to Pebble Beach, CA, he died there on December 13, 1969. A squadron of US Dive bombers which had arrived late after getting lost ambush the Japanese carriers bombing and resulting in the sinking of three out of four carriers. His achievements were well-known, but the man himself was a mystery. D. The Pope lived in Constantinople. The Eastern Orthodox Church developed from the church in Constantinople. They met practically no opposition because most of the Zeros were still close to the water, not having had time to climb and counterattack. Thus the Americans knew the Japanese planned to move toward Midway. Admiral Spruance said that what they did was to wait until the Japanese ships were refueling, carrying weapons, and preparing their aircraft to attack them because the Japanese were in a vulnerable position. [Admiral Spruance wrote this foreward for Mitsuo Fuchida's book, Midway, The Battle That Doomed Japan; The Japanese Navy's . The combined American force consisted of three carriers, eight cruisers, 15 destroyers, 12 submarines and 353 aircraft, ranged against a grand total of 200 Japanese vessels and 700 planes. Midway bought the United States valuable time until the new Essex-class fleet carriers became available at the end of the year. Spruance's fast carrier commander, Marc Mitscher, told his chief of staff Arleigh Burke: You and I have been in many battles, and we know there are always some mistakes. He began attendance at the Naval War College in 1926, and graduated in 1927. He readied himself at Stevens Preparatory School in Hoboken, N.J., and entered Annapolis in July 1903 at age 17. This gave rise to the description of Spruance as "an Admiral's admiral". 2015. The airstrips in the Gilberts were put to good use two months later when they were used in the invasion of Kwajalein Atoll in the Marshall Islands. Spruance had earned a restful retirement at his home in Pebble Beach, Calif., 125 miles south of San Francisco, with his wife, son and daughter. He suggested Spruance replace him as commander of the Fleet carrier force, despite the fact that Spruce had little experience with carriers. The correct answer to this open question is the following. He was commissioned an ensign in 1908, and during a tour of shore duty he took a postgraduate course in electrical engineering in Schenectady, N.Y. US Naval Task Force under Frank Fletcher with aircraft carrier Yorktown. The attack fails to destroy any airfields or major targets. This was followed by an assault on Kwajalein in the Marshall Islands on January 31, 1944. These raids were critical to moralesetting a new tone of aggressiveness by U.S. commanders while providing invaluable battle experience for the commanders and sailors of the U.S. After working to defend neutral American shipping from German U-boats, Spruance received orders to take over Cruiser Division Five in September 1941. Ambassador to the Philippines in 1952-55. But the American commander, who could be daring and resourceful when necessary, could also exhibit shrewd caution when his experienced mind sensed an ambush. It was hit and sunk by American dive bombers and the submarine USS Nautilus. Up until this time, the Japanese had captured island after island as they . . "Well, pick it up and put it back," was Spruance's measured response.[8]. He was survived by his wife and a daughter, Mrs. Gerald S. Bogart of Newport, R.I. His only son, Navy Captain Edward D. Spruance, who served for 30 years, was killed in a car accident in Marin County, Calif., in May 1969. It faced a Japanese invasion fleet organized into two groups: the air-attack task force of four carriers with support ships under command of Admiral Chichi Nagumo, and the surface and occupation forces under Admiral Nobutake Kond and others. The Japanese had been battered for weeks by aerial bombardment, and knew the invasion was imminent. Armed with this information, Fletcher ordered Spruance to launch a strike at the Japanese with Enterprise and Hornet while holding Yorktown in reserve in case the other Japanese carriers were discovered. The month before, American and Japanese naval units had fought the Battle of the Coral Sea, and both closely matched sides had suffered. [28], His achievements in the navy were well known, but himself much less. Covered by fog and lashed by storms most of the time, they were generally unsuitable for air or naval bases. He studied hard, and when he graduated in September 1906, he stood 26th in his class. Shortly after the Midway battle, Spruance became chief of staff to Admiral Nimitz, and in September 1942 was appointed as Deputy Commander in Chief of the Pacific Fleet. Once theBattle of the Philippine Sea came to an end, Spruance returned to Pearl Harbour to help plan other landings in the future. How can these and the knowledge they provide be used to spread His Word? 108 planes under Juichi Tomanaga bomb and strafe Midway. At 10.26am on 4 June 1942 the course of World War Two in the Pacific changed utterly. Admiral Raymond A. Spruance displayed outstanding leadership and command capabilities during the battle that turned the tide in the Pacific. In 1939 he was promoted to the rank of Rear Admiral. Admiral Spruance could have been right. Maintaining a position offshore, the Fifth Fleet's ships were subjected to relentless kamikaze attacks by Japanese aircraft. And with this battle the American forces gained, and afterwards continued to gain, hard combat experience; so the Japanese lost that crucial advantage as well. However a second strike from Hiry would fatally cripple Fletcher's flagship, Yorktown and as a result, Fletcher passed command to Spruance, who would command the mop up phase of the battle. He's one of the finest officers I know of. As the war progressed, Spruance became one of two primary . Above all, Midway was the turning point that heralded the ultimate defeat of Japan. Akagi class Japanese aircraft carrier that was part of the first detachment of the Japanese carrier strike force. Besides his family, he loved the companionship of his pet schnauzer, Peter. He was then 55. He never smoked, and drank little. He also held several engineering, intelligence, staff and Naval War College positions up to the 1940s. He did not discuss his private life, feelings, prejudices, hopes or fears, except with his family and his closest friends. From the remaining enemy carrier, Hiryu, Admiral Tamon Yamaguchi launched bombers and torpedo planes against Yorktown. Early in his career he was [7], Spruance served in Washington until early 1924, when he was ordered to the headquarters, Commander Naval Force in Europe. The Japanese felt that they had won the encounter. On this Wikipedia the language links are at the top of the page across from the article title. Hickman, Kennedy. No detail was too small to bring these American prisoners home. Towards the end of that year, Spruance commanded a cruiser division supporting Admiral Halsey's carrier, the 'Enterprise', at Wake Island. The Fifth Fleet commanders citation read: Responsible for the operation of a vast and complicated organization which included more than 500,000 men of the Army, Navy and Marine Corps, 318 combatant vessels and 1,139 auxiliary vessels, [he] directed the forces under his command with daring, courage and aggressiveness. The battle would open in the mist-shrouded Aleutians with airstrikes against Dutch Harbor on June 3, followed by landings at three points on June 6. . Michio Kobayashi Yorktowns planes hit Soryu as she was turning into the wind to launch aircraft. I was shanghaied ashore in November of the next year to take over as electrical superintendent at the New York Navy Yard, said Spruance. Its commanding officers Admiral Yamaguchi and the ship's captain both stayed aboard their ship. Midway Island sent a false message stating that its water distillation plant had been damaged and that the base needed fresh water. He commanded U.S. naval forces during two of the most significant naval battles that took place in the Pacific Theatre: the Battle of Midway and the Battle of the Philippine Sea. Aircraft carrier that served as the flagship of Task Force 17 and Admiral Fletcher. Naval History and Heritage Command, "Biography of Raymond A. Spruance Press Release July 24, 1941, United States Navy Department", "Adm Spruance's Fitrep after Battle of Midway", Citation, Navy Cross, Raymond A. Spruance, "Admiral Raymond Ames Spruance America's Navy", "News Release: Navy Names Two New Guided Missile Destroyers", "War & Remembrance (Part 3) (May 26 July 25, 1942)", "War & Remembrance (Part 3) (May 26 July 25, 1942) 1988", Pacific Crucible: War at Sea in the Pacific, 19411942, The Conquering Tide: War in the Pacific Islands, 19421944, Twilight of the Gods: War in the Western Pacific, 19441945, United States Ambassadors to the Philippines, Dictionary of American Naval Fighting Ships, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Raymond_A._Spruance&oldid=1137739908, Ambassadors of the United States to the Philippines, High Commissioners of the Trust Territory of the Pacific Islands, Recipients of the Distinguished Service Medal (US Army), Recipients of the Navy Cross (United States), Recipients of the Navy Distinguished Service Medal, Articles with dead external links from July 2022, Articles with dead external links from December 2020, Articles with permanently dead external links, Short description is different from Wikidata, All Wikipedia articles written in American English, Articles with unsourced statements from October 2016, Wikipedia articles incorporating text from the Dictionary of American Naval Fighting Ships, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 3.0, This page was last edited on 6 February 2023, at 05:43. Morison, "Coral Sea, Midway and Submarine Actions: May 1942 August 1942". During the Midway engagement which resulted in the defeat of and heavy losses to the enemy fleet, his seamanship, endurance, and tenacity in handling his task force were of the highest quality. The Marine fighters and anti-aircraft fire shot down or badly damaged about a third of the enemy attack group. Hiryu class Japanese aircraft carrier that was the flagship of the second detachment of the carrier strike force. 'S measured response. [ 8 ] be given concisely and clearly on 3 July,. Group of American ships 200 miles away at Stevens Preparatory School in Hoboken, N.J., and entered Annapolis July. The heavily fortified Islands, and his closest friends briefly as he accepted a posting as.. Carrier strike force 350 years Battle that turned the tide in the Pacific War commanding... Had won the encounter this time, he died there on December 13, 1969 station on June,! 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